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Date: Thu, 30 Oct 2014 10:27:31 -0700
From: Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>
To: Junjie Mao <eternal.n08@...il.com>
Cc: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@...el.com>,
LKML <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
"x86@...nel.org" <x86@...nel.org>, "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@...or.com>
Subject: Re: [PATCH] x86, kaslr: Prevent .bss from overlaping initrd
[Adding x86 and hpa to CC]
On Thu, Oct 30, 2014 at 10:25 AM, Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org> wrote:
> Ah! Thank you for tracking this bug down. I had never been able to reproduce it!
>
> On Thu, Oct 30, 2014 at 5:41 AM, Junjie Mao <eternal.n08@...il.com> wrote:
>> When choosing a random address, the current implementation does not take into
>> account the reversed space for .bss and .brk sections. Thus the relocated kernel
>> may overlap other components in memory, e.g. the initrd image:
>>
>> +-------------------+
>> | decompressed |
>> | kernel |
>> | (relocated) |
>
> Strictly speaking, the relocation table follows the decompressed
> kernel, though it is part of the decompressed data. It isn't in use
> once the kernel starts. Does (should) .bss overlap it?
>
>> +-------------------+--
>> | | \
>> +-------------------+ .bss and .brk section
>> | | /
>> | initrd |--
>> | |
>> +-------------------+
>>
>> Here is an example of the overlap from a x86_64 kernel in qemu (the ranges of
>> physical addresses are presented):
>>
>> compressed kernel: [0x0449626e, 0x04e30aa3]
>> initrd: [0x13ce6000, 0x13fef373]
>> relocated kernel: [0x0fe00000, 0x13c1c2bb]
>> .bss and .brk sections: [0x13c1c2bc, 0x148262bb]
>
> What did you use to instrument this? I'd be curious to see how large
> the relocation table is too.
>
>> The initrd image will then be overwritten by the memset during early
>> initialization:
>>
>> [ 1.655204] Unpacking initramfs...
>> [ 1.662831] Initramfs unpacking failed: junk in compressed archive
>>
>> This patch prevents the above situation by requiring a larger space when looking
>> for a random kernel base, so that existing logic can effectively avoids the
>> overlap.
>
> Yes, thank you again for tracking this down!
>
>>
>> Fixes: 82fa9637a2 ("x86, kaslr: Select random position from e820 maps")
>> Reported-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@...el.com>
>> Signed-off-by: Junjie Mao <eternal.n08@...il.com>
>
> This should also go to stable:
>
> Cc: stable@...r.kernel.org
>
>> ---
>> arch/x86/boot/compressed/Makefile | 3 ++-
>> arch/x86/boot/compressed/aslr.c | 5 +++--
>> arch/x86/boot/compressed/head_32.S | 3 ++-
>> arch/x86/boot/compressed/head_64.S | 3 +++
>> arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.c | 6 ++++--
>> arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.h | 6 ++++--
>> arch/x86/boot/compressed/mkpiggy.c | 8 ++++++--
>> arch/x86/tools/calc_reserved.awk | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
>> 8 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
>> create mode 100644 arch/x86/tools/calc_reserved.awk
>>
>> diff --git a/arch/x86/boot/compressed/Makefile b/arch/x86/boot/compressed/Makefile
>> index 704f58aa79cd..419e12b203d9 100644
>> --- a/arch/x86/boot/compressed/Makefile
>> +++ b/arch/x86/boot/compressed/Makefile
>> @@ -76,8 +76,9 @@ suffix-$(CONFIG_KERNEL_XZ) := xz
>> suffix-$(CONFIG_KERNEL_LZO) := lzo
>> suffix-$(CONFIG_KERNEL_LZ4) := lz4
>>
>> +RESERVED_SIZE = $(shell objdump -h vmlinux | awk -f $(srctree)/arch/x86/tools/calc_reserved.awk)
>> quiet_cmd_mkpiggy = MKPIGGY $@
>> - cmd_mkpiggy = $(obj)/mkpiggy $< > $@ || ( rm -f $@ ; false )
>> + cmd_mkpiggy = $(obj)/mkpiggy $< $(RESERVED_SIZE) > $@ || ( rm -f $@ ; false )
>>
>> targets += piggy.S
>> $(obj)/piggy.S: $(obj)/vmlinux.bin.$(suffix-y) $(obj)/mkpiggy FORCE
>> diff --git a/arch/x86/boot/compressed/aslr.c b/arch/x86/boot/compressed/aslr.c
>> index bb1376381985..d4695b022971 100644
>> --- a/arch/x86/boot/compressed/aslr.c
>> +++ b/arch/x86/boot/compressed/aslr.c
>> @@ -298,7 +298,8 @@ static unsigned long find_random_addr(unsigned long minimum,
>> unsigned char *choose_kernel_location(unsigned char *input,
>> unsigned long input_size,
>> unsigned char *output,
>> - unsigned long output_size)
>> + unsigned long output_size,
>> + unsigned long reserved_size)
>> {
>> unsigned long choice = (unsigned long)output;
>> unsigned long random;
>> @@ -320,7 +321,7 @@ unsigned char *choose_kernel_location(unsigned char *input,
>> (unsigned long)output, output_size);
>>
>> /* Walk e820 and find a random address. */
>> - random = find_random_addr(choice, output_size);
>> + random = find_random_addr(choice, output_size + reserved_size);
>> if (!random) {
>> debug_putstr("KASLR could not find suitable E820 region...\n");
>> goto out;
>> diff --git a/arch/x86/boot/compressed/head_32.S b/arch/x86/boot/compressed/head_32.S
>> index cbed1407a5cd..06c18f6d1f13 100644
>> --- a/arch/x86/boot/compressed/head_32.S
>> +++ b/arch/x86/boot/compressed/head_32.S
>> @@ -207,6 +207,7 @@ relocated:
>> * Do the decompression, and jump to the new kernel..
>> */
>> /* push arguments for decompress_kernel: */
>> + pushl $reserved_size
>> pushl $z_output_len /* decompressed length */
>> leal z_extract_offset_negative(%ebx), %ebp
>> pushl %ebp /* output address */
>> @@ -217,7 +218,7 @@ relocated:
>> pushl %eax /* heap area */
>> pushl %esi /* real mode pointer */
>> call decompress_kernel /* returns kernel location in %eax */
>> - addl $24, %esp
>> + addl $28, %esp
>>
>> /*
>> * Jump to the decompressed kernel.
>> diff --git a/arch/x86/boot/compressed/head_64.S b/arch/x86/boot/compressed/head_64.S
>> index 2884e0c3e8a5..02c518f8aca5 100644
>> --- a/arch/x86/boot/compressed/head_64.S
>> +++ b/arch/x86/boot/compressed/head_64.S
>> @@ -402,6 +402,8 @@ relocated:
>> * Do the decompression, and jump to the new kernel..
>> */
>> pushq %rsi /* Save the real mode argument */
>> + movq $reserved_size, %r9
>> + pushq %r9
>> movq %rsi, %rdi /* real mode address */
>> leaq boot_heap(%rip), %rsi /* malloc area for uncompression */
>> leaq input_data(%rip), %rdx /* input_data */
>> @@ -409,6 +411,7 @@ relocated:
>> movq %rbp, %r8 /* output target address */
>> movq $z_output_len, %r9 /* decompressed length */
>> call decompress_kernel /* returns kernel location in %rax */
>> + popq %r9
>> popq %rsi
>>
>> /*
>> diff --git a/arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.c b/arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.c
>> index 57ab74df7eea..173062d32898 100644
>> --- a/arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.c
>> +++ b/arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.c
>> @@ -358,7 +358,8 @@ asmlinkage __visible void *decompress_kernel(void *rmode, memptr heap,
>> unsigned char *input_data,
>> unsigned long input_len,
>> unsigned char *output,
>> - unsigned long output_len)
>> + unsigned long output_len,
>> + unsigned long reserved_size)
>> {
>> real_mode = rmode;
>>
>> @@ -382,7 +383,8 @@ asmlinkage __visible void *decompress_kernel(void *rmode, memptr heap,
>> free_mem_end_ptr = heap + BOOT_HEAP_SIZE;
>>
>> output = choose_kernel_location(input_data, input_len,
>> - output, output_len);
>> + output, output_len,
>> + reserved_size);
>>
>> /* Validate memory location choices. */
>> if ((unsigned long)output & (MIN_KERNEL_ALIGN - 1))
>> diff --git a/arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.h b/arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.h
>> index 24e3e569a13c..fae4cef40f1f 100644
>> --- a/arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.h
>> +++ b/arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.h
>> @@ -59,7 +59,8 @@ int cmdline_find_option_bool(const char *option);
>> unsigned char *choose_kernel_location(unsigned char *input,
>> unsigned long input_size,
>> unsigned char *output,
>> - unsigned long output_size);
>> + unsigned long output_size,
>> + unsigned long reserved_size);
>> /* cpuflags.c */
>> bool has_cpuflag(int flag);
>> #else
>> @@ -67,7 +68,8 @@ static inline
>> unsigned char *choose_kernel_location(unsigned char *input,
>> unsigned long input_size,
>> unsigned char *output,
>> - unsigned long output_size)
>> + unsigned long output_size,
>> + unsigned long reserved_size)
>> {
>> return output;
>> }
>> diff --git a/arch/x86/boot/compressed/mkpiggy.c b/arch/x86/boot/compressed/mkpiggy.c
>> index b669ab65bf6c..a31983ced81b 100644
>> --- a/arch/x86/boot/compressed/mkpiggy.c
>> +++ b/arch/x86/boot/compressed/mkpiggy.c
>> @@ -36,11 +36,12 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
>> uint32_t olen;
>> long ilen;
>> unsigned long offs;
>> + unsigned long reserved_size;
>> FILE *f = NULL;
>> int retval = 1;
>>
>> - if (argc < 2) {
>> - fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s compressed_file\n", argv[0]);
>> + if (argc < 3) {
>> + fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s compressed_file reserved_size\n", argv[0]);
>> goto bail;
>> }
>>
>> @@ -74,6 +75,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
>> offs += olen >> 12; /* Add 8 bytes for each 32K block */
>> offs += 64*1024 + 128; /* Add 64K + 128 bytes slack */
>> offs = (offs+4095) & ~4095; /* Round to a 4K boundary */
>> + reserved_size = atoi(argv[2]);
>>
>> printf(".section \".rodata..compressed\",\"a\",@progbits\n");
>> printf(".globl z_input_len\n");
>> @@ -85,6 +87,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
>> /* z_extract_offset_negative allows simplification of head_32.S */
>> printf(".globl z_extract_offset_negative\n");
>> printf("z_extract_offset_negative = -0x%lx\n", offs);
>> + printf(".globl reserved_size\n");
>> + printf("reserved_size = 0x%lx\n", reserved_size);
>>
>> printf(".globl input_data, input_data_end\n");
>> printf("input_data:\n");
>> diff --git a/arch/x86/tools/calc_reserved.awk b/arch/x86/tools/calc_reserved.awk
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 000000000000..2ca69682338a
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/arch/x86/tools/calc_reserved.awk
>> @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
>> +#!/bin/awk -f
>> +#
>> +# Calculate the amount of space that we have to reserve for .bss and .brk
>> +# sections
>> +#
>> +# Usage:
>> +# objdump -h a.out | awk -f calc_reserved.awk
>> +
>> +BEGIN {
>> + sections = "^.bss$|^.brk$"
>> + size = 0;
>> +}
>> +
>> +/^ *[0-9]+ [a-z._]+ *[0-9a-f]+/ {
>> + if (match($2, sections))
>> + size += strtonum("0x" $3);
>> +}
>> +
>> +END {
>> + printf("%d\n", size);
>> +}
>> --
>> 1.9.3
>
> Should mkpiggy.c do the work itself instead of taking an argument?
>
> Regardless, I want to make sure we've got the right values here. On
> one of my builds:
>
> vmlinux.bin, size 21186672, "objdump -h" shows:
>
> 25 .bss 00da2000 ffffffff82034000 0000000002034000 01434000 2**12
> ALLOC
> 26 .brk 00026000 ffffffff82dd6000 0000000002dd6000 01434000 2**0
> ALLOC
>
> vmlinux.relocs, size 1058872
>
> vmlinux.bin.gz, size 7549715, shows a decompressed size of 22245544:
> $ dd if=vmlinux.bin.gz bs=1 skip=7549711 2>/dev/null | hexdump -C
> 00000000 a8 70 53 01 |.pS.|
> 00000004
>
> 0x015370a8 == 22245544 == 21186672 + 1058872
>
> This means relocs are overlapping .bss, since .bss starts at
> 0x01434000 (21184512). The actually needed reserved space is
> 0x01434000 + 0x00da2000 + 0x00026000 (35635200), rather than 22245544
> + 0x00da2000 + 0x00026000 (36696232).
>
> So, since z_output_len is really "end of relocs table" and not "end of
> kernel", we actually need two offsets:
>
> - relocs table end (exists already via z_output_len)
> - end of actual kernel plus .bss and .brk, which is the sum of:
> - actual size of decompressed kernel image (vmlinux.bin: 21186672)
> - size of .bss + .brk (0x00da2000 + 0x00026000)
>
> And kASLR needs to use the larger of these two values.
>
> -Kees
>
> --
> Kees Cook
> Chrome OS Security
--
Kees Cook
Chrome OS Security
--
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