Date:	Sun, 12 Jun 2016 08:18:23 -0400
From:	Sandy Harris <sandyinchina@...il.com>
To:	Linus Torvalds <torvalds@...ux-foundation.org>
Cc:	Thomas Gleixner <tglx@...utronix.de>,
	LKML <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
	Peter Zijlstra <peterz@...radead.org>,
	Ingo Molnar <mingo@...nel.org>,
	Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
	Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@...utronix.de>,
	Darren Hart <darren@...art.com>,
	Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@...glemail.com>,
	Davidlohr Bueso <dave@...olabs.net>, Chris Mason <clm@...com>,
	"Carlos O'Donell" <carlos@...hat.com>,
	Torvald Riegel <triegel@...hat.com>,
	Eric Dumazet <edumazet@...gle.com>
Subject: Re: [patch 2/7] lib/hashmod: Add modulo based hash mechanism

On Thu, Apr 28, 2016 at 10:25 PM, Linus Torvalds
<torvalds@...ux-foundation.org> wrote:

> It's the hashes that _look_ like they might be good hashes, but
> there's not a lot of analysis behind it, that I would worry about. The
> simple prime modulus _should_ be fine, but at the same time I kind of
> suspect we can do better. Especially since it has two multiplications.
>
> Looking around, there's
>
>     http://burtleburtle.net/bob/hash/integer.html
>
> and that 32-bit "full avalanche" hash in six shifts looks like it
> could be better. You wouldn't want to inline it, but the point of a
> full avalanche bit mixing _should_ be that you could avoid the whole
> "upper bits" part, and it should work independently of the target set
> size.
>
> So if that hash works better, it would be a pretty good replacement
> option for hash_int().
>
> There is also
>
>     https://gist.github.com/badboy/6267743
>
> that has a 64 bit to 32 bit hash function that might be useful for
> "hash_long()".
>
> Most of the people who worry about hashes tend to have strings to
> hash, not just a single word like a pointer, but there's clearly
> people around who have tried to search for good hashes that really
> spread out the bits.
>
>                 Linus

Here's another possibility, from my GPL code at:
https://github.com/sandy-harris/maxwell

Not very efficient -- two each of 32-bit multiply & modulo
in most cases -- but provably good mixing.

/*
    Quasi-Hadamard transform
    My own invention

    Goal is to mix a 32-bit object
    so that each output bit depends
    on every input bit

    Underlying primitive is IDEA
    multiplication which mixes
    a pair of 16-bit objects

    This is analogous to the
    pseudo-Hadamard transform
    (PHT) originally from the
    SAFER cipher, later in
    Twofish and others

    Conceptually, a two-way PHT
    on a,b is:

    x = a + b
    y = a + 2b
    a = x
    b = y

    This is reversible; it loses
    no information. Each output
    word depends on both inputs.

    A PHT can be implemented as

    a += b
    b += a

    which is faster and avoids
    using intermediate variables

    QHT is the same thing using
    IDEA multiplication instead
    of addition, calculating a*b
    and a*b^2 instead of a+b and
    a+2b

    IDEA multiplication operates
    on 16-bit chunks and makes
    every output bit depend on
    all input bits. Therefore
    QHT is close to an ideal
    mixer for 32-bit words.
*/

u32 qht(u32 x)
{
    u32 a, b ;
    a = x >> 16 ;        // high 16 bits
    b = x & 0xffff ;    // low 16
    a = idea(a,b) ;        // a *= b
    b = idea(a,b) ;        // b *= a
    return( (a<<16) | b) ;
}

/*
    IDEA multiplication
    borrowed from the IDEA cipher
*/
#define    MAX (1<<16)
#define MOD (MAX+1)

u32 idea(u32 a, u32 b)
{
    u32 x ;
    // make sure they are in range
    a %= MOD ;
    b %= MOD ;
    // special cases
    if( (a == 0) && (b == 0))
        return(1) ;
    else if( a == 0)
        return(MOD - b) ;
    else if( b == 0)
        return(MOD - a) ;
    // non-special
    else    {
        x = (a*b) % MOD ;
        if(x == MAX)
            return(0) ;
        else    return(x) ;
    }
}

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