Date:   Tue, 13 Dec 2016 23:28:57 +0000 (UTC)
From:   Duncan <1i5t5.duncan@....net>
To:     linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org
Cc:     linux-btrfs@...r.kernel.org
Subject: Re: page allocation stall in kernel 4.9 when copying files from one
 btrfs hdd to another

David Arendt posted on Tue, 13 Dec 2016 21:26:04 +0100 as excerpted:

> The crash is not an isolated one as I already had this crash multiple
> times with -rc7 and -rc8. It seems only to occur when copying from
> 7200rpm harddisks to 5600rpm ones, and never when copying between two
> 7200rpm or two 5400rpm.

That reads very much like a bug previously reported here and on LKML 
itself (with Linus and other high-level kernel devs responding) that 
resulted in a(nother) discussion of whether the writecache knobs in /proc/
sys/dirty_* should be updated.

It's generally accepted wisdom among kernel devs and sysadmins[1] that 
the existing dirty* write-cache defaults, set at a time when common 
system memories measured in the MiB, not the GiB of today, are no longer 
appropriate and should be lowered, but the lack of agreement as to 
precisely what the settings should be, combined with inertia and the lack 
of practical pressure given that those who know about the problem have 
long since adjusted their own systems accordingly, means the existing now 
generally agreed to be inappropriate defaults continue to remain. =:^(

These knobs can be tweaked in several ways.  For temporary 
experimentation, it's generally easiest to write (as root) updated values 
directly to the /proc/sys/vm/dirty_* files themselves.  Once you find 
values you are comfortable with, most distros have an existing sysctl 
config[2] that can be altered as appropriate, so the settings get 
reapplied at each boot.

Various articles with the details are easily googled so I'll be brief 
here, but here's the apropos settings and comments from my own
/etc/sysctl.conf and a brief explanation:

# write-cache, foreground/background flushing
# vm.dirty_ratio = 10 (% of RAM)
# make it 3% of 16G ~ half a gig
vm.dirty_ratio = 3
# vm.dirty_bytes = 0

# vm.dirty_background_ratio = 5 (% of RAM)
# make it 1% of 16G ~ 160 M
vm.dirty_background_ratio = 1
# vm.dirty_background_bytes = 0

# vm.dirty_expire_centisecs = 2999 (30 sec)
# vm.dirty_writeback_centisecs = 499 (5 sec)
# make it 10 sec
vm.dirty_writeback_centisecs = 1000


The *_bytes and *_ratio files configure the same thing in different ways, 
ratio being percentage of RAM, bytes being... bytes.  Set one or the 
other as you prefer and the other one will be automatically zeroed out.  
The vm.dirty_background_* settings control when the kernel starts lower 
priority flushing, while high priority vm.dirty_* (not background) 
settings control when the kernel forces threads trying to do further 
writes to wait until some currently in-flight writes are completed.

But those values only apply to size up until the expiry time has 
occurred, at which point writeback is still forced.  That's where that 
setting comes in.

The problem is that memory has gotten bigger much faster than the speed 
of actually writing out to slow spinning rust has increased. (Fast ssds 
have far less issues in this regard, tho slow flash like common USB thumb 
drives remain affected, indeed, sometimes even more so.)  Common random-
write spinning rust write speeds are 100 MiB/sec and may be as low as 30 
MiB/sec.  Meanwhile, the default 10% dirty_ratio, at 16 GiB memory size, 
approaches[3] 1.6 GiB, ~1600 MiB.  At 100 MiB/sec that's 16 seconds worth 
of writeback to clear.  At 30 MiB/sec, that's... well beyond the 30 
second expiry time!

To be clear, there's still a bug if the system crashes as a result -- the 
normal case should simply be a system that at worst doesn't respond for 
the writeback period, to be sure a problem in itself when that period 
exceeds double-digit seconds, but surely less of one than a total crash, 
as long as the system /does/ come back after perhaps half a minute or so.

Anyway, as you can see from the above excerpt from my own sysctl.conf, 
for my 16 GiB system, I use a much more reasonable 1% background writeback 
trigger, ~160 MiB on 16 GiB, and 3% high-priority/foreground, ~ half a 
GiB on 16 GiB.  I actually set those long ago, before I switched to btrfs 
and before I switched to ssd as well, but even tho ssd should work far 
better with the defaults than spinning rust does, those settings don't 
hurt on ssd either, and I've seen no reason to change them.

So try 1% background and 3% foreground flushing ratios on your 32 GiB 
system as well, and see if that helps, or possibly try setting the _bytes 
values instead, since 1% is still quite huge in writeback time terms, on 
32 GiB.  Tweaking those down on the previously reported bug certainly 
helped there as he couldn't reproduce after that, and it looks like 
you're running 2+ GiB dirty based on your posted meminfo now, so it 
should reduce that, and hopefully eliminate the trigger for you, tho of 
course it won't fix the root bug.  As I said it shouldn't crash in any 
case, even if it goes unresponsive for half a minute or so at a time, so 
there's certainly a bug to fix, but that will hopefully let you work 
without running into it.

Again, you can write the new values direct to the proc interface without 
rebooting, for experimentation.  Once you find values appropriate for 
you, however, write them to sysctl.conf or whatever your distro uses 
instead, so they get applied automatically at each boot.

---
[1] Sysadmins:  Like me, no claim to dev here, nor am I a professional 
sysadmin, but arguably I do take the responsibility of adminning my own 
systems more seriously than most appear to, enough to claim sysadmin as 
an appropriate descriptor.

[2] Sysctl config.  Look in /etc/sysctl.d/* and/or /etc/sysctl.conf, as 
appropriate to your distro.

[3] Approaches: The memory figure used for calculating this percentage 
excludes some things so it won't actually reach 10% of total memory.  But 
the exclusions are small enough that they can be hand-waved away for 
purposes of this discussion.

-- 
Duncan - List replies preferred.   No HTML msgs.
"Every nonfree program has a lord, a master --
and if you use the program, he is your master."  Richard Stallman

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