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Message-ID: <20200817105137.19296-13-sjpark@amazon.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Aug 2020 12:51:34 +0200
From: SeongJae Park <sjpark@...zon.com>
To: <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>
CC: SeongJae Park <sjpark@...zon.de>, <Jonathan.Cameron@...wei.com>,
<aarcange@...hat.com>, <acme@...nel.org>,
<alexander.shishkin@...ux.intel.com>, <amit@...nel.org>,
<benh@...nel.crashing.org>, <brendan.d.gregg@...il.com>,
<brendanhiggins@...gle.com>, <cai@....pw>,
<colin.king@...onical.com>, <corbet@....net>, <david@...hat.com>,
<dwmw@...zon.com>, <fan.du@...el.com>, <foersleo@...zon.de>,
<gthelen@...gle.com>, <irogers@...gle.com>, <jolsa@...hat.com>,
<kirill@...temov.name>, <mark.rutland@....com>, <mgorman@...e.de>,
<minchan@...nel.org>, <mingo@...hat.com>, <namhyung@...nel.org>,
<peterz@...radead.org>, <rdunlap@...radead.org>,
<riel@...riel.com>, <rientjes@...gle.com>, <rostedt@...dmis.org>,
<rppt@...nel.org>, <sblbir@...zon.com>, <shakeelb@...gle.com>,
<shuah@...nel.org>, <sj38.park@...il.com>, <snu@...zon.de>,
<vbabka@...e.cz>, <vdavydov.dev@...il.com>,
<yang.shi@...ux.alibaba.com>, <ying.huang@...el.com>,
<zgf574564920@...il.com>, <linux-damon@...zon.com>,
<linux-mm@...ck.org>, <linux-doc@...r.kernel.org>,
<linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>
Subject: [PATCH v20 12/15] Documentation: Add documents for DAMON
From: SeongJae Park <sjpark@...zon.de>
This commit adds documents for DAMON under
`Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/` and `Documentation/vm/damon/`.
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sjpark@...zon.de>
---
Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/guide.rst | 157 ++++++++++
Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/index.rst | 15 +
Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/plans.rst | 29 ++
Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/start.rst | 96 ++++++
Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/usage.rst | 302 +++++++++++++++++++
Documentation/admin-guide/mm/index.rst | 1 +
Documentation/vm/damon/api.rst | 20 ++
Documentation/vm/damon/design.rst | 166 ++++++++++
Documentation/vm/damon/eval.rst | 225 ++++++++++++++
Documentation/vm/damon/faq.rst | 58 ++++
Documentation/vm/damon/index.rst | 31 ++
Documentation/vm/index.rst | 1 +
12 files changed, 1101 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/guide.rst
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/index.rst
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/plans.rst
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/start.rst
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/usage.rst
create mode 100644 Documentation/vm/damon/api.rst
create mode 100644 Documentation/vm/damon/design.rst
create mode 100644 Documentation/vm/damon/eval.rst
create mode 100644 Documentation/vm/damon/faq.rst
create mode 100644 Documentation/vm/damon/index.rst
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/guide.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/guide.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c51fb843efaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/guide.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+==================
+Optimization Guide
+==================
+
+This document helps you estimating the amount of benefit that you could get
+from DAMON-based optimizations, and describes how you could achieve it. You
+are assumed to already read :doc:`start`.
+
+
+Check The Signs
+===============
+
+No optimization can provide same extent of benefit to every case. Therefore
+you should first guess how much improvements you could get using DAMON. If
+some of below conditions match your situation, you could consider using DAMON.
+
+- *Low IPC and High Cache Miss Ratios.* Low IPC means most of the CPU time is
+ spent waiting for the completion of time-consuming operations such as memory
+ access, while high cache miss ratios mean the caches don't help it well.
+ DAMON is not for cache level optimization, but DRAM level. However,
+ improving DRAM management will also help this case by reducing the memory
+ operation latency.
+- *Memory Over-commitment and Unknown Users.* If you are doing memory
+ overcommitment and you cannot control every user of your system, a memory
+ bank run could happen at any time. You can estimate when it will happen
+ based on DAMON's monitoring results and act earlier to avoid or deal better
+ with the crisis.
+- *Frequent Memory Pressure.* Frequent memory pressure means your system has
+ wrong configurations or memory hogs. DAMON will help you find the right
+ configuration and/or the criminals.
+- *Heterogeneous Memory System.* If your system is utilizing memory devices
+ that placed between DRAM and traditional hard disks, such as non-volatile
+ memory or fast SSDs, DAMON could help you utilizing the devices more
+ efficiently.
+
+
+Profile
+=======
+
+If you found some positive signals, you could start by profiling your workloads
+using DAMON. Find major workloads on your systems and analyze their data
+access pattern to find something wrong or can be improved. The DAMON user
+space tool (``damo``) will be useful for this.
+
+We recommend you to start from working set size distribution check using ``damo
+report wss``. If the distribution is ununiform or quite different from what
+you estimated, you could consider `Memory Configuration`_ optimization.
+
+Then, review the overall access pattern in heatmap form using ``damo report
+heats``. If it shows a simple pattern consists of a small number of memory
+regions having high contrast of access temperature, you could consider manual
+`Program Modification`_.
+
+If you still want to absorb more benefits, you should develop `Personalized
+DAMON Application`_ for your special case.
+
+You don't need to take only one approach among the above plans, but you could
+use multiple of the above approaches to maximize the benefit.
+
+
+Optimize
+========
+
+If the profiling result also says it's worth trying some optimization, you
+could consider below approaches. Note that some of the below approaches assume
+that your systems are configured with swap devices or other types of auxiliary
+memory so that you don't strictly required to accommodate the whole working set
+in the main memory. Most of the detailed optimization should be made on your
+concrete understanding of your memory devices.
+
+
+Memory Configuration
+--------------------
+
+No more no less, DRAM should be large enough to accommodate only important
+working sets, because DRAM is highly performance critical but expensive and
+heavily consumes the power. However, knowing the size of the real important
+working sets is difficult. As a consequence, people usually equips
+unnecessarily large or too small DRAM. Many problems stem from such wrong
+configurations.
+
+Using the working set size distribution report provided by ``damo report wss``,
+you can know the appropriate DRAM size for you. For example, roughly speaking,
+if you worry about only 95 percentile latency, you don't need to equip DRAM of
+a size larger than 95 percentile working set size.
+
+Let's see a real example. This `page
+<https://damonitor.github.io/doc/html/v17/admin-guide/mm/damon/guide.html#memory-configuration>`_
+shows the heatmap and the working set size distributions/changes of
+``freqmine`` workload in PARSEC3 benchmark suite. The working set size spikes
+up to 180 MiB, but keeps smaller than 50 MiB for more than 95% of the time.
+Even though you give only 50 MiB of memory space to the workload, it will work
+well for 95% of the time. Meanwhile, you can save the 130 MiB of memory space.
+
+
+Program Modification
+--------------------
+
+If the data access pattern heatmap plotted by ``damo report heats`` is quite
+simple so that you can understand how the things are going in the workload with
+your human eye, you could manually optimize the memory management.
+
+For example, suppose that the workload has two big memory object but only one
+object is frequently accessed while the other one is only occasionally
+accessed. Then, you could modify the program source code to keep the hot
+object in the main memory by invoking ``mlock()`` or ``madvise()`` with
+``MADV_WILLNEED``. Or, you could proactively evict the cold object using
+``madvise()`` with ``MADV_COLD`` or ``MADV_PAGEOUT``. Using both together
+would be also worthy.
+
+A research work [1]_ using the ``mlock()`` achieved up to 2.55x performance
+speedup.
+
+Let's see another realistic example access pattern for this kind of
+optimizations. This `page
+<https://damonitor.github.io/doc/html/v17/admin-guide/mm/damon/guide.html#program-modification>`_
+shows the visualized access patterns of streamcluster workload in PARSEC3
+benchmark suite. We can easily identify the 100 MiB sized hot object.
+
+
+Personalized DAMON Application
+------------------------------
+
+Above approaches will work well for many general cases, but would not enough
+for some special cases.
+
+If this is the case, it might be the time to forget the comfortable use of the
+user space tool and dive into the debugfs interface (refer to :doc:`usage` for
+the detail) of DAMON. Using the interface, you can control the DAMON more
+flexibly. Therefore, you can write your personalized DAMON application that
+controls the monitoring via the debugfs interface, analyzes the result, and
+applies complex optimizations itself. Using this, you can make more creative
+and wise optimizations.
+
+If you are a kernel space programmer, writing kernel space DAMON applications
+using the API (refer to the :doc:`/vm/damon/api` for more detail) would be an
+option.
+
+
+Reference Practices
+===================
+
+Referencing previously done successful practices could help you getting the
+sense for this kind of optimizations. There is an academic paper [1]_
+reporting the visualized access pattern and manual `Program
+Modification`_ results for a number of realistic workloads. You can also get
+the visualized access patterns [3]_ [4]_ [5]_ and automated DAMON-based memory
+operations results for other realistic workloads that collected with latest
+version of DAMON [2]_ .
+
+.. [1] https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3366626.3368125
+.. [2] https://damonitor.github.io/test/result/perf/latest/html/
+.. [3] https://damonitor.github.io/test/result/visual/latest/rec.heatmap.1.png.html
+.. [4] https://damonitor.github.io/test/result/visual/latest/rec.wss_sz.png.html
+.. [5] https://damonitor.github.io/test/result/visual/latest/rec.wss_time.png.html
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/index.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0baae7a5402b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+========================
+Monitoring Data Accesses
+========================
+
+:doc:`DAMON </vm/damon/index>` allows light-weight data access monitoring.
+Using this, users can analyze and optimize their systems.
+
+.. toctree::
+ :maxdepth: 2
+
+ start
+ guide
+ usage
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/plans.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/plans.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e3aa5ab96c29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/plans.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+============
+Future Plans
+============
+
+DAMON is still on its first stage. Below plans are still under development.
+
+
+Automate Data Access Monitoring-based Memory Operation Schemes Execution
+========================================================================
+
+The ultimate goal of DAMON is to be used as a building block for the data
+access pattern aware kernel memory management optimization. It will make
+system just works efficiently. However, some users having very special
+workloads will want to further do their own optimization. DAMON will automate
+most of the tasks for such manual optimizations in near future. Users will be
+required to only describe what kind of data access pattern-based operation
+schemes they want in a simple form.
+
+By applying a very simple scheme for THP promotion/demotion with a prototype
+implementation, DAMON reduced 60% of THP memory footprint overhead while
+preserving 50% of the THP performance benefit. The detailed results can be
+seen on an external web page [1]_.
+
+Several RFC patchsets for this plan are available [2]_.
+
+.. [1] https://damonitor.github.io/test/result/perf/latest/html/
+.. [2] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20200616073828.16509-1-sjpark@amazon.com/
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/start.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/start.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..deed2ea2321e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/start.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+===============
+Getting Started
+===============
+
+This document briefly describes how you can use DAMON by demonstrating its
+default user space tool. Please note that this document describes only a part
+of its features for brevity. Please refer to :doc:`usage` for more details.
+
+
+TL; DR
+======
+
+Follow below 5 commands to monitor and visualize the access pattern of your
+workload. ::
+
+ $ git clone https://github.com/sjp38/linux -b damon/master
+ /* build the kernel with CONFIG_DAMON=y, install, reboot */
+ $ mount -t debugfs none /sys/kernel/debug/
+ $ cd linux/tools/damon
+ $ ./damo record $(pidof <your workload>)
+ $ ./damo report heats --heatmap access_pattern.png
+
+
+Prerequisites
+=============
+
+Kernel
+------
+
+You should first ensure your system is running on a kernel built with
+``CONFIG_DAMON=y``.
+
+
+User Space Tool
+---------------
+
+For the demonstration, we will use the default user space tool for DAMON,
+called DAMON Operator (DAMO). It is located at ``tools/damon/damo`` of the
+kernel source tree. For brevity, below examples assume you set ``$PATH`` to
+point it. It's not mandatory, though.
+
+Because DAMO is using the debugfs interface (refer to :doc:`usage` for the
+detail) of DAMON, you should ensure debugfs is mounted. Mount it manually as
+below::
+
+ # mount -t debugfs none /sys/kernel/debug/
+
+or append below line to your ``/etc/fstab`` file so that your system can
+automatically mount debugfs from next booting::
+
+ debugfs /sys/kernel/debug debugfs defaults 0 0
+
+
+Recording Data Access Patterns
+==============================
+
+Below commands record memory access pattern of a program and save the
+monitoring results in a file. ::
+
+ $ git clone https://github.com/sjp38/masim
+ $ cd masim; make; ./masim ./configs/zigzag.cfg &
+ $ sudo damo record -o damon.data $(pidof masim)
+
+The first two lines of the commands get an artificial memory access generator
+program and runs it in the background. It will repeatedly access two 100 MiB
+sized memory regions one by one. You can substitute this with your real
+workload. The last line asks ``damo`` to record the access pattern in
+``damon.data`` file.
+
+
+Visualizing Recorded Patterns
+=============================
+
+Below three commands visualize the recorded access patterns into three
+image files. ::
+
+ $ damo report heats --heatmap access_pattern_heatmap.png
+ $ damo report wss --range 0 101 1 --plot wss_dist.png
+ $ damo report wss --range 0 101 1 --sortby time --plot wss_chron_change.png
+
+- ``access_pattern_heatmap.png`` will show the data access pattern in a
+ heatmap, which shows when (x-axis) what memory region (y-axis) is how
+ frequently accessed (color).
+- ``wss_dist.png`` will show the distribution of the working set size.
+- ``wss_chron_change.png`` will show how the working set size has
+ chronologically changed.
+
+You can show the images in a web page [1]_ . Those made with other realistic
+workloads are also available [2]_ [3]_ [4]_.
+
+.. [1] https://damonitor.github.io/doc/html/v17/admin-guide/mm/damon/start.html#visualizing-recorded-patterns
+.. [2] https://damonitor.github.io/test/result/visual/latest/rec.heatmap.1.png.html
+.. [3] https://damonitor.github.io/test/result/visual/latest/rec.wss_sz.png.html
+.. [4] https://damonitor.github.io/test/result/visual/latest/rec.wss_time.png.html
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/usage.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/usage.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a6606d27a559
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/usage.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+===============
+Detailed Usages
+===============
+
+DAMON provides below three interfaces for different users.
+
+- *DAMON user space tool.*
+ This is for privileged people such as system administrators who want a
+ just-working human-friendly interface. Using this, users can use the DAMON’s
+ major features in a human-friendly way. It may not be highly tuned for
+ special cases, though. It supports only virtual address spaces monitoring.
+- *debugfs interface.*
+ This is for privileged user space programmers who want more optimized use of
+ DAMON. Using this, users can use DAMON’s major features by reading
+ from and writing to special debugfs files. Therefore, you can write and use
+ your personalized DAMON debugfs wrapper programs that reads/writes the
+ debugfs files instead of you. The DAMON user space tool is also a reference
+ implementation of such programs. It supports only virtual address spaces
+ monitoring.
+- *Kernel Space Programming Interface.*
+ This is for kernel space programmers. Using this, users can utilize every
+ feature of DAMON most flexibly and efficiently by writing kernel space
+ DAMON application programs for you. You can even extend DAMON for various
+ address spaces.
+
+This document does not describe the kernel space programming interface in
+detail. For that, please refer to the :doc:`/vm/damon/api`.
+
+
+DAMON User Space Tool
+=====================
+
+A reference implementation of the DAMON user space tools which provides a
+convenient user interface is in the kernel source tree. It is located at
+``tools/damon/damo`` of the tree.
+
+The tool provides a subcommands based interface. Every subcommand provides
+``-h`` option, which provides the minimal usage of it. Currently, the tool
+supports two subcommands, ``record`` and ``report``.
+
+Below example commands assume you set ``$PATH`` to point ``tools/damon/`` for
+brevity. It is not mandatory for use of ``damo``, though.
+
+
+Recording Data Access Pattern
+-----------------------------
+
+The ``record`` subcommand records the data access pattern of target workloads
+in a file (``./damon.data`` by default). You can specify the target with 1)
+the command for execution of the monitoring target process, or 2) pid of
+running target process. Below example shows a command target usage::
+
+ # cd <kernel>/tools/damon/
+ # damo record "sleep 5"
+
+The tool will execute ``sleep 5`` by itself and record the data access patterns
+of the process. Below example shows a pid target usage::
+
+ # sleep 5 &
+ # damo record `pidof sleep`
+
+The location of the recorded file can be explicitly set using ``-o`` option.
+You can further tune this by setting the monitoring attributes. To know about
+the monitoring attributes in detail, please refer to the
+:doc:`/vm/damon/design`.
+
+
+Analyzing Data Access Pattern
+-----------------------------
+
+The ``report`` subcommand reads a data access pattern record file (if not
+explicitly specified using ``-i`` option, reads ``./damon.data`` file by
+default) and generates human-readable reports. You can specify what type of
+report you want using a sub-subcommand to ``report`` subcommand. ``raw``,
+``heats``, and ``wss`` report types are supported for now.
+
+
+raw
+~~~
+
+``raw`` sub-subcommand simply transforms the binary record into a
+human-readable text. For example::
+
+ $ damo report raw
+ start_time: 193485829398
+ rel time: 0
+ nr_tasks: 1
+ target_id: 1348
+ nr_regions: 4
+ 560189609000-56018abce000( 22827008): 0
+ 7fbdff59a000-7fbdffaf1a00( 5601792): 0
+ 7fbdffaf1a00-7fbdffbb5000( 800256): 1
+ 7ffea0dc0000-7ffea0dfd000( 249856): 0
+
+ rel time: 100000731
+ nr_tasks: 1
+ target_id: 1348
+ nr_regions: 6
+ 560189609000-56018abce000( 22827008): 0
+ 7fbdff59a000-7fbdff8ce933( 3361075): 0
+ 7fbdff8ce933-7fbdffaf1a00( 2240717): 1
+ 7fbdffaf1a00-7fbdffb66d99( 480153): 0
+ 7fbdffb66d99-7fbdffbb5000( 320103): 1
+ 7ffea0dc0000-7ffea0dfd000( 249856): 0
+
+The first line shows the recording started timestamp (nanosecond). Records of
+data access patterns follows. Each record is separated by a blank line. Each
+record first specifies the recorded time (``rel time``) in relative to the
+start time, the number of monitored tasks in this record (``nr_tasks``).
+Recorded data access patterns of each task follow. Each data access pattern
+for each task shows the target's pid (``target_id``) and a number of monitored
+address regions in this access pattern (``nr_regions``) first. After that,
+each line shows the start/end address, size, and the number of observed
+accesses of each region.
+
+
+heats
+~~~~~
+
+The ``raw`` output is very detailed but hard to manually read. ``heats``
+sub-subcommand plots the data in 3-dimensional form, which represents the time
+in x-axis, address of regions in y-axis, and the access frequency in z-axis.
+Users can set the resolution of the map (``--tres`` and ``--ares``) and
+start/end point of each axis (``--tmin``, ``--tmax``, ``--amin``, and
+``--amax``) via optional arguments. For example::
+
+ $ damo report heats --tres 3 --ares 3
+ 0 0 0.0
+ 0 7609002 0.0
+ 0 15218004 0.0
+ 66112620851 0 0.0
+ 66112620851 7609002 0.0
+ 66112620851 15218004 0.0
+ 132225241702 0 0.0
+ 132225241702 7609002 0.0
+ 132225241702 15218004 0.0
+
+This command shows a recorded access pattern in heatmap of 3x3 resolution.
+Therefore it shows 9 data points in total. Each line shows each of the data
+points. The three numbers in each line represent time in nanosecond, address,
+and the observed access frequency.
+
+Users will be able to convert this text output into a heatmap image (represents
+z-axis values with colors) or other 3D representations using various tools such
+as 'gnuplot'. For more convenience, ``heats`` sub-subcommand provides the
+'gnuplot' based heatmap image creation. For this, you can use ``--heatmap``
+option. Also, note that because it uses 'gnuplot' internally, it will fail if
+'gnuplot' is not installed on your system. For example::
+
+ $ ./damo report heats --heatmap heatmap.png
+
+Creates the heatmap image in ``heatmap.png`` file. It supports ``pdf``,
+``png``, ``jpeg``, and ``svg``.
+
+If the target address space is virtual memory address space and you plot the
+entire address space, the huge unmapped regions will make the picture looks
+only black. Therefore you should do proper zoom in / zoom out using the
+resolution and axis boundary-setting arguments. To make this effort minimal,
+you can use ``--guide`` option as below::
+
+ $ ./damo report heats --guide
+ target_id:1348
+ time: 193485829398-198337863555 (4852034157)
+ region 0: 00000094564599762944-00000094564622589952 (22827008)
+ region 1: 00000140454009610240-00000140454016012288 (6402048)
+ region 2: 00000140731597193216-00000140731597443072 (249856)
+
+The output shows unions of monitored regions (start and end addresses in byte)
+and the union of monitored time duration (start and end time in nanoseconds) of
+each target task. Therefore, it would be wise to plot the data points in each
+union. If no axis boundary option is given, it will automatically find the
+biggest union in ``--guide`` output and set the boundary in it.
+
+
+wss
+~~~
+
+The ``wss`` type extracts the distribution and chronological working set size
+changes from the records. For example::
+
+ $ ./damo report wss
+ # <percentile> <wss>
+ # target_id 1348
+ # avr: 66228
+ 0 0
+ 25 0
+ 50 0
+ 75 0
+ 100 1920615
+
+Without any option, it shows the distribution of the working set sizes as
+above. It shows 0th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 100th percentile and the average of
+the measured working set sizes in the access pattern records. In this case,
+the working set size was zero for 75th percentile but 1,920,615 bytes in max
+and 66,228 bytes on average.
+
+By setting the sort key of the percentile using '--sortby', you can show how
+the working set size has chronologically changed. For example::
+
+ $ ./damo report wss --sortby time
+ # <percentile> <wss>
+ # target_id 1348
+ # avr: 66228
+ 0 0
+ 25 0
+ 50 0
+ 75 0
+ 100 0
+
+The average is still 66,228. And, because the access was spiked in very short
+duration and this command plots only 4 data points, we cannot show when the
+access spikes made. Users can specify the resolution of the distribution
+(``--range``). By giving more fine resolution, the short duration spikes could
+be found.
+
+Similar to that of ``heats --heatmap``, it also supports 'gnuplot' based simple
+visualization of the distribution via ``--plot`` option.
+
+
+debugfs Interface
+=================
+
+DAMON exports four files, ``attrs``, ``target_ids``, ``record``, and
+``monitor_on`` under its debugfs directory, ``<debugfs>/damon/``.
+
+
+Attributes
+----------
+
+Users can get and set the ``sampling interval``, ``aggregation interval``,
+``regions update interval``, and min/max number of monitoring target regions by
+reading from and writing to the ``attrs`` file. To know about the monitoring
+attributes in detail, please refer to the :doc:`/vm/damon/design`. For
+example, below commands set those values to 5 ms, 100 ms, 1,000 ms, 10 and
+1000, and then check it again::
+
+ # cd <debugfs>/damon
+ # echo 5000 100000 1000000 10 1000 > attrs
+ # cat attrs
+ 5000 100000 1000000 10 1000
+
+
+Target IDs
+----------
+
+Some types of address spaces supports multiple monitoring target. For example,
+the virtual memory address spaces monitoring can have multiple processes as the
+monitoring targets. Users can set the targets by writing relevant id values of
+the targets to, and get the ids of the current targets by reading from the
+``target_ids`` file. In case of the virtual address spaces monitoring, the
+values should be pids of the monitoring target processes. For example, below
+commands set processes having pids 42 and 4242 as the monitoring targets and
+check it again::
+
+ # cd <debugfs>/damon
+ # echo 42 4242 > target_ids
+ # cat target_ids
+ 42 4242
+
+Note that setting the target ids doesn't start the monitoring.
+
+
+Record
+------
+
+This debugfs file allows you to record monitored access patterns in a regular
+binary file. The recorded results are first written in an in-memory buffer and
+flushed to a file in batch. Users can get and set the size of the buffer and
+the path to the result file by reading from and writing to the ``record`` file.
+For example, below commands set the buffer to be 4 KiB and the result to be
+saved in ``/damon.data``. ::
+
+ # cd <debugfs>/damon
+ # echo "4096 /damon.data" > record
+ # cat record
+ 4096 /damon.data
+
+The recording can be disabled by setting the buffer size zero.
+
+
+Turning On/Off
+--------------
+
+Setting the files as described above doesn't incur effect unless you explicitly
+start the monitoring. You can start, stop, and check the current status of the
+monitoring by writing to and reading from the ``monitor_on`` file. Writing
+``on`` to the file starts the monitoring of the targets with the attributes.
+Writing ``off`` to the file stops those. DAMON also stops if every target
+process is terminated. Below example commands turn on, off, and check the
+status of DAMON::
+
+ # cd <debugfs>/damon
+ # echo on > monitor_on
+ # echo off > monitor_on
+ # cat monitor_on
+ off
+
+Please note that you cannot write to the above-mentioned debugfs files while
+the monitoring is turned on. If you write to the files while DAMON is running,
+an error code such as ``-EBUSY`` will be returned.
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/index.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/index.rst
index 11db46448354..e6de5cd41945 100644
--- a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/index.rst
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/index.rst
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ the Linux memory management.
concepts
cma_debugfs
+ damon/index
hugetlbpage
idle_page_tracking
ksm
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/damon/api.rst b/Documentation/vm/damon/api.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..649409828eab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/vm/damon/api.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+=============
+API Reference
+=============
+
+Kernel space programs can use every feature of DAMON using below APIs. All you
+need to do is including ``damon.h``, which is located in ``include/linux/`` of
+the source tree.
+
+Structures
+==========
+
+.. kernel-doc:: include/linux/damon.h
+
+
+Functions
+=========
+
+.. kernel-doc:: mm/damon.c
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/damon/design.rst b/Documentation/vm/damon/design.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..727d72093f8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/vm/damon/design.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+======
+Design
+======
+
+Configurable Layers
+===================
+
+DAMON provides data access monitoring functionality while making the accuracy
+and the overhead controllable. The fundamental access monitorings require
+primitives that dependent on and optimized for the target address space. On
+the other hand, the accuracy and overhead tradeoff mechanism, which is the core
+of DAMON, is in the pure logic space. DAMON separates the two parts in
+different layers and defines its interface to allow various low level
+primitives implementations configurable with the core logic.
+
+Due to this separated design and the configurable interface, users can extend
+DAMON for any address space by configuring the core logics with appropriate low
+level primitive implementations. If appropriate one is not provided, users can
+implement the primitives on their own.
+
+For example, physical memory, virtual memory, swap space, those for specific
+processes, NUMA nodes, files, and backing memory devices would be supportable.
+Also, if some architectures or devices support special optimized access check
+primitives, those will be easily configurable.
+
+
+Reference Implementations of Address Space Specific Primitives
+==============================================================
+
+The low level primitives for the fundamental access monitoring are defined in
+two parts:
+
+1. Identification of the monitoring target address range for the address space.
+2. Access check of specific address range in the target space.
+
+DAMON currently provides the implementation of the primitives for only the
+virtual address spaces. Below two subsections describe how it works.
+
+
+PTE Accessed-bit Based Access Check
+-----------------------------------
+
+The implementation for the virtual address space uses PTE Accessed-bit for
+basic access checks. It finds the relevant PTE Accessed bit from the address
+by walking the page table for the target task of the address. In this way, the
+implementation finds and clears the bit for next sampling target address and
+checks whether the bit set again after one sampling period. This could disturb
+other kernel subsystems using the Accessed bits, namely Idle page tracking and
+the reclaim logic. To avoid such disturbances, DAMON makes it mutually
+exclusive with Idle page tracking and uses ``PG_idle`` and ``PG_young`` page
+flags to solve the conflict with the reclaim logic, as Idle page tracking does.
+
+
+VMA-based Target Address Range Construction
+-------------------------------------------
+
+Only small parts in the super-huge virtual address space of the processes are
+mapped to the physical memory and accessed. Thus, tracking the unmapped
+address regions is just wasteful. However, because DAMON can deal with some
+level of noise using the adaptive regions adjustment mechanism, tracking every
+mapping is not strictly required but could even incur a high overhead in some
+cases. That said, too huge unmapped areas inside the monitoring target should
+be removed to not take the time for the adaptive mechanism.
+
+For the reason, this implementation converts the complex mappings to three
+distinct regions that cover every mapped area of the address space. The two
+gaps between the three regions are the two biggest unmapped areas in the given
+address space. The two biggest unmapped areas would be the gap between the
+heap and the uppermost mmap()-ed region, and the gap between the lowermost
+mmap()-ed region and the stack in most of the cases. Because these gaps are
+exceptionally huge in usual address spaces, excluding these will be sufficient
+to make a reasonable trade-off. Below shows this in detail::
+
+ <heap>
+ <BIG UNMAPPED REGION 1>
+ <uppermost mmap()-ed region>
+ (small mmap()-ed regions and munmap()-ed regions)
+ <lowermost mmap()-ed region>
+ <BIG UNMAPPED REGION 2>
+ <stack>
+
+
+Address Space Independent Core Mechanisms
+=========================================
+
+Below four sections describe each of the DAMON core mechanisms and the five
+monitoring attributes, ``sampling interval``, ``aggregation interval``,
+``regions update interval``, ``minimum number of regions``, and ``maximum
+number of regions``.
+
+
+Access Frequency Monitoring
+---------------------------
+
+The output of DAMON says what pages are how frequently accessed for a given
+duration. The resolution of the access frequency is controlled by setting
+``sampling interval`` and ``aggregation interval``. In detail, DAMON checks
+access to each page per ``sampling interval`` and aggregates the results. In
+other words, counts the number of the accesses to each page. After each
+``aggregation interval`` passes, DAMON calls callback functions that previously
+registered by users so that users can read the aggregated results and then
+clears the results. This can be described in below simple pseudo-code::
+
+ while monitoring_on:
+ for page in monitoring_target:
+ if accessed(page):
+ nr_accesses[page] += 1
+ if time() % aggregation_interval == 0:
+ for callback in user_registered_callbacks:
+ callback(monitoring_target, nr_accesses)
+ for page in monitoring_target:
+ nr_accesses[page] = 0
+ sleep(sampling interval)
+
+The monitoring overhead of this mechanism will arbitrarily increase as the
+size of the target workload grows.
+
+
+Region Based Sampling
+---------------------
+
+To avoid the unbounded increase of the overhead, DAMON groups adjacent pages
+that assumed to have the same access frequencies into a region. As long as the
+assumption (pages in a region have the same access frequencies) is kept, only
+one page in the region is required to be checked. Thus, for each ``sampling
+interval``, DAMON randomly picks one page in each region, waits for one
+``sampling interval``, checks whether the page is accessed meanwhile, and
+increases the access frequency of the region if so. Therefore, the monitoring
+overhead is controllable by setting the number of regions. DAMON allows users
+to set the minimum and the maximum number of regions for the trade-off.
+
+This scheme, however, cannot preserve the quality of the output if the
+assumption is not guaranteed.
+
+
+Adaptive Regions Adjustment
+---------------------------
+
+Even somehow the initial monitoring target regions are well constructed to
+fulfill the assumption (pages in same region have similar access frequencies),
+the data access pattern can be dynamically changed. This will result in low
+monitoring quality. To keep the assumption as much as possible, DAMON
+adaptively merges and splits each region based on their access frequency.
+
+For each ``aggregation interval``, it compares the access frequencies of
+adjacent regions and merges those if the frequency difference is small. Then,
+after it reports and clears the aggregated access frequency of each region, it
+splits each region into two or three regions if the total number of regions
+will not exceed the user-specified maximum number of regions after the split.
+
+In this way, DAMON provides its best-effort quality and minimal overhead while
+keeping the bounds users set for their trade-off.
+
+
+Dynamic Target Space Updates Handling
+-------------------------------------
+
+The monitoring target address range could dynamically changed. For example,
+virtual memory could be dynamically mapped and unmapped. Physical memory could
+be hot-plugged.
+
+As the changes could be quite frequent in some cases, DAMON checks the dynamic
+memory mapping changes and applies it to the abstracted target area only for
+each of a user-specified time interval (``regions update interval``).
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/damon/eval.rst b/Documentation/vm/damon/eval.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cb80c63c3ed2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/vm/damon/eval.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+==========
+Evaluation
+==========
+
+DAMON is lightweight. It increases system memory usage by 0.12% and slows
+target workloads down by 1.39%.
+
+DAMON is accurate and useful for memory management optimizations. An
+experimental DAMON-based operation scheme for THP, 'ethp', removes 88.16% of
+THP memory overheads while preserving 88.73% of THP speedup. Another
+experimental DAMON-based 'proactive reclamation' implementation, 'prcl',
+reduces 91.34% of residential sets and 25.59% of system memory footprint while
+incurring only 1.58% runtime overhead in the best case (parsec3/freqmine).
+
+
+Setup
+=====
+
+On QEMU/KVM based virtual machines utilizing 130GB of RAM and 36 vCPUs hosted
+by AWS EC2 i3.metal instances that running a kernel that v20 DAMON patchset is
+applied, I measure runtime and consumed system memory while running various
+realistic workloads with several configurations. I use 13 and 12 workloads in
+PARSEC3 [3]_ and SPLASH-2X [4]_ benchmark suites, respectively. I use another
+wrapper scripts [5]_ for convenient setup and run of the workloads.
+
+
+Measurement
+-----------
+
+For the measurement of the amount of consumed memory in system global scope, I
+drop caches before starting each of the workloads and monitor 'MemFree' in the
+'/proc/meminfo' file. To make results more stable, I repeat the runs 5 times
+and average results.
+
+
+Configurations
+--------------
+
+The configurations I use are as below.
+
+- orig: Linux v5.8 with 'madvise' THP policy
+- rec: 'orig' plus DAMON running with virtual memory access recording
+- prec: 'orig' plus DAMON running with physical memory access recording
+- thp: same with 'orig', but use 'always' THP policy
+- ethp: 'orig' plus a DAMON operation scheme, 'efficient THP'
+- prcl: 'orig' plus a DAMON operation scheme, 'proactive reclaim [6]_'
+
+I use 'rec' for measurement of DAMON overheads to target workloads and system
+memory. 'prec' is for physical memory monitroing and recording. It monitors
+17GB sized 'System RAM' region. The remaining configs including 'thp', 'ethp',
+and 'prcl' are for measurement of DAMON monitoring accuracy.
+
+'ethp' and 'prcl' are simple DAMON-based operation schemes developed for
+proof of concepts of DAMON. 'ethp' reduces memory space waste of THP by using
+DAMON for the decision of promotions and demotion for huge pages, while 'prcl'
+is as similar as the original work. Those are implemented as below::
+
+ # format: <min/max size> <min/max frequency (0-100)> <min/max age> <action>
+ # ethp: Use huge pages if a region shows >=5% access rate, use regular
+ # pages if a region >=2MB shows 0 access rate for >=7 seconds
+ min max 5 max min max hugepage
+ 2M max min min 7s max nohugepage
+
+ # prcl: If a region >=4KB shows 0 access rate for >=10 seconds, page out.
+ 4K max 0 0 10s max pageout
+
+Note that both 'ethp' and 'prcl' are designed with my only straightforward
+intuition because those are for only proof of concepts and monitoring accuracy
+of DAMON. In other words, those are not for production. For production use,
+those should be more tuned.
+
+.. [1] "Redis latency problems troubleshooting", https://redis.io/topics/latency
+.. [2] "Disable Transparent Huge Pages (THP)",
+ https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/tutorial/transparent-huge-pages/
+.. [3] "The PARSEC Becnhmark Suite", https://parsec.cs.princeton.edu/index.htm
+.. [4] "SPLASH-2x", https://parsec.cs.princeton.edu/parsec3-doc.htm#splash2x
+.. [5] "parsec3_on_ubuntu", https://github.com/sjp38/parsec3_on_ubuntu
+.. [6] "Proactively reclaiming idle memory", https://lwn.net/Articles/787611/
+
+
+Results
+=======
+
+Below two tables show the measurement results. The runtimes are in seconds
+while the memory usages are in KiB. Each configuration except 'orig' shows
+its overhead relative to 'orig' in percent within parenthesizes.::
+
+ runtime orig rec (overhead) prec (overhead) thp (overhead) ethp (overhead) prcl (overhead)
+ parsec3/blackscholes 137.688 139.910 (1.61) 138.226 (0.39) 138.524 (0.61) 138.548 (0.62) 150.562 (9.35)
+ parsec3/bodytrack 124.496 123.294 (-0.97) 124.482 (-0.01) 124.874 (0.30) 123.514 (-0.79) 126.380 (1.51)
+ parsec3/canneal 196.513 209.465 (6.59) 223.213 (13.59) 189.302 (-3.67) 199.453 (1.50) 242.217 (23.26)
+ parsec3/dedup 18.060 18.128 (0.38) 18.378 (1.76) 18.210 (0.83) 18.397 (1.87) 20.545 (13.76)
+ parsec3/facesim 343.697 344.917 (0.36) 341.367 (-0.68) 337.696 (-1.75) 344.805 (0.32) 361.169 (5.08)
+ parsec3/ferret 288.868 286.110 (-0.95) 292.308 (1.19) 287.814 (-0.36) 284.243 (-1.60) 284.200 (-1.62)
+ parsec3/fluidanimate 342.267 337.743 (-1.32) 330.680 (-3.39) 337.356 (-1.43) 340.604 (-0.49) 343.565 (0.38)
+ parsec3/freqmine 437.385 436.854 (-0.12) 437.641 (0.06) 435.008 (-0.54) 436.998 (-0.09) 444.276 (1.58)
+ parsec3/raytrace 183.036 182.039 (-0.54) 184.859 (1.00) 187.330 (2.35) 185.660 (1.43) 209.707 (14.57)
+ parsec3/streamcluster 611.075 675.108 (10.48) 656.373 (7.41) 541.711 (-11.35) 473.679 (-22.48) 815.450 (33.45)
+ parsec3/swaptions 220.338 220.948 (0.28) 220.891 (0.25) 220.387 (0.02) 219.986 (-0.16) -100.000 (0.00)
+ parsec3/vips 87.710 88.581 (0.99) 88.423 (0.81) 88.460 (0.86) 88.471 (0.87) 89.661 (2.22)
+ parsec3/x264 114.927 117.774 (2.48) 116.630 (1.48) 112.237 (-2.34) 110.709 (-3.67) 124.560 (8.38)
+ splash2x/barnes 131.034 130.895 (-0.11) 129.088 (-1.48) 118.213 (-9.78) 124.497 (-4.99) 167.966 (28.19)
+ splash2x/fft 59.805 60.237 (0.72) 59.895 (0.15) 47.008 (-21.40) 57.962 (-3.08) 87.183 (45.78)
+ splash2x/lu_cb 132.353 132.157 (-0.15) 132.473 (0.09) 131.561 (-0.60) 135.541 (2.41) 141.720 (7.08)
+ splash2x/lu_ncb 149.050 150.496 (0.97) 151.912 (1.92) 150.974 (1.29) 148.329 (-0.48) 152.227 (2.13)
+ splash2x/ocean_cp 82.189 77.735 (-5.42) 84.466 (2.77) 77.498 (-5.71) 82.586 (0.48) 113.737 (38.38)
+ splash2x/ocean_ncp 154.934 154.656 (-0.18) 164.204 (5.98) 101.861 (-34.26) 142.600 (-7.96) 281.650 (81.79)
+ splash2x/radiosity 142.710 141.643 (-0.75) 143.940 (0.86) 141.982 (-0.51) 142.017 (-0.49) 152.116 (6.59)
+ splash2x/radix 50.357 50.331 (-0.05) 50.717 (0.72) 45.664 (-9.32) 50.222 (-0.27) 73.981 (46.91)
+ splash2x/raytrace 134.039 132.650 (-1.04) 134.583 (0.41) 131.570 (-1.84) 133.050 (-0.74) 141.463 (5.54)
+ splash2x/volrend 120.769 120.220 (-0.45) 119.895 (-0.72) 120.159 (-0.50) 119.311 (-1.21) 119.581 (-0.98)
+ splash2x/water_nsquared 376.599 373.411 (-0.85) 382.601 (1.59) 348.701 (-7.41) 357.033 (-5.20) 397.427 (5.53)
+ splash2x/water_spatial 132.619 133.432 (0.61) 135.505 (2.18) 134.865 (1.69) 133.940 (1.00) 148.196 (11.75)
+ total 4772.510 4838.740 (1.39) 4862.740 (1.89) 4568.970 (-4.26) 4592.160 (-3.78) 5189.560 (8.74)
+
+
+ memused.avg orig rec (overhead) prec (overhead) thp (overhead) ethp (overhead) prcl (overhead)
+ parsec3/blackscholes 1825022.800 1863815.200 (2.13) 1830082.000 (0.28) 1800999.800 (-1.32) 1807743.800 (-0.95) 1580027.800 (-13.42)
+ parsec3/bodytrack 1425506.800 1438323.400 (0.90) 1439260.600 (0.96) 1400505.600 (-1.75) 1412295.200 (-0.93) 1412759.600 (-0.89)
+ parsec3/canneal 1040902.600 1050404.000 (0.91) 1053535.200 (1.21) 1027175.800 (-1.32) 1035229.400 (-0.55) 1039159.400 (-0.17)
+ parsec3/dedup 2526700.400 2540671.600 (0.55) 2503689.800 (-0.91) 2544440.200 (0.70) 2510519.000 (-0.64) 2503148.200 (-0.93)
+ parsec3/facesim 545844.600 550680.000 (0.89) 543658.600 (-0.40) 532320.200 (-2.48) 539429.600 (-1.18) 470836.800 (-13.74)
+ parsec3/ferret 352118.600 326782.600 (-7.20) 322645.600 (-8.37) 304054.800 (-13.65) 317259.000 (-9.90) 313532.400 (-10.96)
+ parsec3/fluidanimate 651597.600 580045.200 (-10.98) 578297.400 (-11.25) 569431.600 (-12.61) 577322.800 (-11.40) 482061.600 (-26.02)
+ parsec3/freqmine 989212.000 996291.200 (0.72) 989405.000 (0.02) 970891.000 (-1.85) 981122.000 (-0.82) 736030.000 (-25.59)
+ parsec3/raytrace 1749470.400 1751183.200 (0.10) 1740937.600 (-0.49) 1717138.800 (-1.85) 1731298.200 (-1.04) 1528069.000 (-12.66)
+ parsec3/streamcluster 123425.400 151548.200 (22.79) 144024.800 (16.69) 118379.000 (-4.09) 124845.400 (1.15) 118629.800 (-3.89)
+ parsec3/swaptions 4150.600 25679.200 (518.69) 19914.800 (379.80) 8577.000 (106.64) 17348.200 (317.97) -100.000 (0.00)
+ parsec3/vips 2989801.200 3003285.400 (0.45) 3012055.400 (0.74) 2958369.000 (-1.05) 2970897.800 (-0.63) 2962063.000 (-0.93)
+ parsec3/x264 3242663.400 3256091.000 (0.41) 3248949.400 (0.19) 3195605.400 (-1.45) 3206571.600 (-1.11) 3219046.333 (-0.73)
+ splash2x/barnes 1208017.600 1212702.600 (0.39) 1194143.600 (-1.15) 1208450.200 (0.04) 1212607.600 (0.38) 878554.667 (-27.27)
+ splash2x/fft 9786259.000 9705563.600 (-0.82) 9391006.800 (-4.04) 9967230.600 (1.85) 9657639.400 (-1.31) 10215759.333 (4.39)
+ splash2x/lu_cb 512130.400 521431.800 (1.82) 513051.400 (0.18) 508534.200 (-0.70) 512643.600 (0.10) 328017.333 (-35.95)
+ splash2x/lu_ncb 511156.200 526566.400 (3.01) 513230.400 (0.41) 509823.800 (-0.26) 516302.000 (1.01) 418078.333 (-18.21)
+ splash2x/ocean_cp 3353269.200 3319496.000 (-1.01) 3251575.000 (-3.03) 3379639.800 (0.79) 3326416.600 (-0.80) 3143859.667 (-6.24)
+ splash2x/ocean_ncp 3905538.200 3914929.600 (0.24) 3877493.200 (-0.72) 7053949.400 (80.61) 4633035.000 (18.63) 3527482.667 (-9.68)
+ splash2x/radiosity 1462030.400 1468050.000 (0.41) 1454997.600 (-0.48) 1466985.400 (0.34) 1461777.400 (-0.02) 441332.000 (-69.81)
+ splash2x/radix 2367200.800 2363995.000 (-0.14) 2251124.600 (-4.90) 2417603.800 (2.13) 2317804.000 (-2.09) 2495581.667 (5.42)
+ splash2x/raytrace 42356.200 56270.200 (32.85) 49419.000 (16.67) 86408.400 (104.00) 50547.600 (19.34) 40341.000 (-4.76)
+ splash2x/volrend 148631.600 162954.600 (9.64) 153305.200 (3.14) 140089.200 (-5.75) 149831.200 (0.81) 150232.000 (1.08)
+ splash2x/water_nsquared 39835.800 54268.000 (36.23) 53659.400 (34.70) 41073.600 (3.11) 85322.600 (114.19) 49463.667 (24.17)
+ splash2x/water_spatial 669746.600 679634.200 (1.48) 667518.600 (-0.33) 664383.800 (-0.80) 684470.200 (2.20) 401946.000 (-39.99)
+ total 41472600.000 41520700.000 (0.12) 40796900.000 (-1.63) 44592000.000 (7.52) 41840100.000 (0.89) 38456146.000 (-7.27)
+
+
+DAMON Overheads
+---------------
+
+In total, DAMON virtual memory access recording feature ('rec') incurs 1.39%
+runtime overhead and 0.12% memory space overhead. Even though the size of the
+monitoring target region becomes much larger with the physical memory access
+recording ('prec'), it still shows only modest amount of overhead (1.89% for
+runtime and -1.63% for memory footprint).
+
+For a convenient test run of 'rec' and 'prec', I use a Python wrapper. The
+wrapper constantly consumes about 10-15MB of memory. This becomes a high
+memory overhead if the target workload has a small memory footprint.
+Nonetheless, the overheads are not from DAMON, but from the wrapper, and thus
+should be ignored. This fake memory overhead continues in 'ethp' and 'prcl',
+as those configurations are also using the Python wrapper.
+
+
+Efficient THP
+-------------
+
+THP 'always' enabled policy achieves 4.26% speedup but incurs 7.52% memory
+overhead. It achieves 34.26% speedup in the best case, but 80.61% memory
+overhead in the worst case. Interestingly, both the best and worst-case are
+with 'splash2x/ocean_ncp').
+
+The 2-lines implementation of data access monitoring based THP version ('ethp')
+shows 3.78% speedup and 0.89% memory overhead. In other words, 'ethp' removes
+88.16% of THP memory waste while preserving 88.73% of THP speedup in total. In
+the case of the 'splash2x/ocean_ncp', 'ethp' removes 76.90% of THP memory waste
+while preserving 23.23% of THP speedup.
+
+
+Proactive Reclamation
+---------------------
+
+As similar to the original work, I use 4G 'zram' swap device for this
+configuration.
+
+In total, our 1 line implementation of Proactive Reclamation, 'prcl', incurred
+8.74% runtime overhead in total while achieving 7.27% system memory footprint
+reduction.
+
+Nonetheless, as the memory usage is calculated with 'MemFree' in
+'/proc/meminfo', it contains the SwapCached pages. As the swapcached pages can
+be easily evicted, I also measured the residential set size of the workloads::
+
+ rss.avg orig rec (overhead) prec (overhead) thp (overhead) ethp (overhead) prcl (overhead)
+ parsec3/blackscholes 587078.800 586930.400 (-0.03) 586355.200 (-0.12) 586147.400 (-0.16) 585203.400 (-0.32) 243110.800 (-58.59)
+ parsec3/bodytrack 32470.800 32488.400 (0.05) 32351.000 (-0.37) 32433.400 (-0.12) 32429.000 (-0.13) 18804.800 (-42.09)
+ parsec3/canneal 842418.600 842442.800 (0.00) 844396.000 (0.23) 840756.400 (-0.20) 841242.000 (-0.14) 825296.200 (-2.03)
+ parsec3/dedup 1180100.000 1179309.200 (-0.07) 1160477.800 (-1.66) 1198789.200 (1.58) 1171802.600 (-0.70) 595531.600 (-49.54)
+ parsec3/facesim 312056.000 312109.200 (0.02) 312044.400 (-0.00) 318102.200 (1.94) 316239.600 (1.34) 192002.600 (-38.47)
+ parsec3/ferret 99792.200 99641.800 (-0.15) 99044.800 (-0.75) 102041.800 (2.25) 100854.000 (1.06) 83628.200 (-16.20)
+ parsec3/fluidanimate 530735.400 530759.000 (0.00) 530865.200 (0.02) 532440.800 (0.32) 522778.600 (-1.50) 433547.400 (-18.31)
+ parsec3/freqmine 552951.000 552788.000 (-0.03) 552761.800 (-0.03) 556004.400 (0.55) 554001.200 (0.19) 47881.200 (-91.34)
+ parsec3/raytrace 883966.600 880061.400 (-0.44) 883144.800 (-0.09) 871786.400 (-1.38) 881000.200 (-0.34) 267210.800 (-69.77)
+ parsec3/streamcluster 110901.600 110863.400 (-0.03) 110893.600 (-0.01) 115612.600 (4.25) 114976.800 (3.67) 109728.600 (-1.06)
+ parsec3/swaptions 5708.800 5712.400 (0.06) 5681.400 (-0.48) 5720.400 (0.20) 5726.000 (0.30) -100.000 (0.00)
+ parsec3/vips 32272.200 32427.400 (0.48) 31959.800 (-0.97) 34177.800 (5.90) 33306.400 (3.20) 28869.000 (-10.55)
+ parsec3/x264 81878.000 81914.200 (0.04) 81823.600 (-0.07) 83579.400 (2.08) 83236.800 (1.66) 81220.667 (-0.80)
+ splash2x/barnes 1211917.400 1211328.200 (-0.05) 1212450.400 (0.04) 1221951.000 (0.83) 1218924.600 (0.58) 489430.333 (-59.62)
+ splash2x/fft 9874359.000 9934912.400 (0.61) 9843789.600 (-0.31) 10204484.600 (3.34) 9980640.400 (1.08) 7003881.000 (-29.07)
+ splash2x/lu_cb 509066.200 509222.600 (0.03) 509059.600 (-0.00) 509594.600 (0.10) 509479.000 (0.08) 315538.667 (-38.02)
+ splash2x/lu_ncb 509192.200 508437.000 (-0.15) 509331.000 (0.03) 509606.000 (0.08) 509578.200 (0.08) 412065.667 (-19.07)
+ splash2x/ocean_cp 3380283.800 3380301.000 (0.00) 3377617.200 (-0.08) 3416531.200 (1.07) 3389845.200 (0.28) 2398084.000 (-29.06)
+ splash2x/ocean_ncp 3917913.600 3924529.200 (0.17) 3934911.800 (0.43) 7123907.400 (81.83) 4703623.600 (20.05) 2428288.000 (-38.02)
+ splash2x/radiosity 1467978.600 1468655.400 (0.05) 1467534.000 (-0.03) 1477722.600 (0.66) 1471036.000 (0.21) 148573.333 (-89.88)
+ splash2x/radix 2413933.400 2408367.600 (-0.23) 2381122.400 (-1.36) 2480169.400 (2.74) 2367118.800 (-1.94) 1848857.000 (-23.41)
+ splash2x/raytrace 23280.000 23272.800 (-0.03) 23259.000 (-0.09) 28715.600 (23.35) 28354.400 (21.80) 13302.333 (-42.86)
+ splash2x/volrend 44079.400 44091.600 (0.03) 44022.200 (-0.13) 44547.200 (1.06) 44615.600 (1.22) 29833.000 (-32.32)
+ splash2x/water_nsquared 29392.800 29425.600 (0.11) 29422.400 (0.10) 30317.800 (3.15) 30602.200 (4.11) 21769.000 (-25.94)
+ splash2x/water_spatial 658604.400 660276.800 (0.25) 660334.000 (0.26) 660491.000 (0.29) 660636.400 (0.31) 304246.667 (-53.80)
+ total 29292400.000 29350400.000 (0.20) 29224634.000 (-0.23) 32985491.000 (12.61) 30157300.000 (2.95) 18340700.000 (-37.39)
+
+In total, 37.39% of residential sets were reduced.
+
+With parsec3/freqmine, 'prcl' reduced 91.34% of residential sets and 25.59% of
+system memory usage while incurring only 1.58% runtime overhead.
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/damon/faq.rst b/Documentation/vm/damon/faq.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..088128bbf22b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/vm/damon/faq.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+==========================
+Frequently Asked Questions
+==========================
+
+Why a new subsystem, instead of extending perf or other user space tools?
+=========================================================================
+
+First, because it needs to be lightweight as much as possible so that it can be
+used online, any unnecessary overhead such as kernel - user space context
+switching cost should be avoided. Second, DAMON aims to be used by other
+programs including the kernel. Therefore, having a dependency on specific
+tools like perf is not desirable. These are the two biggest reasons why DAMON
+is implemented in the kernel space.
+
+
+Can 'idle pages tracking' or 'perf mem' substitute DAMON?
+=========================================================
+
+Idle page tracking is a low level primitive for access check of the physical
+address space. 'perf mem' is similar, though it can use sampling to minimize
+the overhead. On the other hand, DAMON is a higher-level framework for the
+monitoring of various address spaces. It is focused on memory management
+optimization and provides sophisticated accuracy/overhead handling mechanisms.
+Therefore, 'idle pages tracking' and 'perf mem' could provide a subset of
+DAMON's output, but cannot substitute DAMON.
+
+
+How can I optimize my system's memory management using DAMON?
+=============================================================
+
+Because there are several ways for the DAMON-based optimizations, we wrote a
+separate document, :doc:`/admin-guide/mm/damon/guide`. Please refer to that.
+
+
+Does DAMON support virtual memory only?
+=======================================
+
+No. The core of the DAMON is address space independent. The address space
+specific low level primitive parts including monitoring target regions
+constructions and actual access checks can be implemented and configured on the
+DAMON core by the users. In this way, DAMON users can monitor any address
+space with any access check technique.
+
+Nonetheless, DAMON provides vma tracking and PTE Accessed bit check based
+implementations of the address space dependent functions for the virtual memory
+by default, for a reference and convenient use. In near future, we will
+provide those for physical memory address space.
+
+
+Can I simply monitor page granularity?
+======================================
+
+Yes. You can do so by setting the ``min_nr_regions`` attribute higher than the
+working set size divided by the page size. Because the monitoring target
+regions size is forced to be ``>=page size``, the region split will make no
+effect.
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/damon/index.rst b/Documentation/vm/damon/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..17dca3c12aad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/vm/damon/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+==========================
+DAMON: Data Access MONitor
+==========================
+
+DAMON is a data access monitoring framework subsystem for the Linux kernel.
+The core mechanisms of DAMON (refer to :doc:`design` for the detail) make it
+
+ - *accurate* (the monitoring output is useful enough for DRAM level memory
+ management; It might not appropriate for CPU Cache levels, though),
+ - *light-weight* (the monitoring overhead is low enough to be applied online),
+ and
+ - *scalable* (the upper-bound of the overhead is in constant range regardless
+ of the size of target workloads).
+
+Using this framework, therefore, the kernel's memory management mechanisms can
+make advanced decisions. Experimental memory management optimization works
+that incurring high data accesses monitoring overhead could implemented again.
+In user space, meanwhile, users who have some special workloads can write
+personalized applications for better understanding and optimizations of their
+workloads and systems.
+
+.. toctree::
+ :maxdepth: 2
+
+ faq
+ design
+ eval
+ api
+ plans
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/index.rst b/Documentation/vm/index.rst
index 611140ffef7e..8d8d088bc7af 100644
--- a/Documentation/vm/index.rst
+++ b/Documentation/vm/index.rst
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ descriptions of data structures and algorithms.
active_mm
balance
cleancache
+ damon/index
free_page_reporting
frontswap
highmem
--
2.17.1
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