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Message-ID: <mhng-add5dc23-5f1a-4ff9-8c40-360814954428@palmerdabbelt-glaptop>
Date:   Sun, 23 May 2021 15:32:48 -0700 (PDT)
From:   Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@...belt.com>
To:     anshuman.khandual@....com
CC:     linux-mm@...ck.org, akpm@...ux-foundation.org,
        anshuman.khandual@....com, rth@...ddle.net, vgupta@...opsys.com,
        catalin.marinas@....com, will@...nel.org, guoren@...nel.org,
        bcain@...eaurora.org, geert@...ux-m68k.org, monstr@...str.eu,
        tsbogend@...ha.franken.de, ley.foon.tan@...el.com,
        jonas@...thpole.se, stefan.kristiansson@...nalahti.fi,
        shorne@...il.com, James.Bottomley@...senPartnership.com,
        mpe@...erman.id.au, christophe.leroy@...roup.eu,
        Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@...ive.com>, hca@...ux.ibm.com,
        ysato@...rs.sourceforge.jp, davem@...emloft.net, jdike@...toit.com,
        tglx@...utronix.de, chris@...kel.net, linux-arch@...r.kernel.org,
        linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org
Subject:     Re: [PATCH V2 RESEND] mm: Define default value for FIRST_USER_ADDRESS

On Sun, 09 May 2021 20:02:05 PDT (-0700), anshuman.khandual@....com wrote:
> Currently most platforms define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS as 0UL duplication the
> same code all over. Instead just define a generic default value (i.e 0UL)
> for FIRST_USER_ADDRESS and let the platforms override when required. This
> makes it much cleaner with reduced code.
>
> The default FIRST_USER_ADDRESS here would be skipped in <linux/pgtable.h>
> when the given platform overrides its value via <asm/pgtable.h>.
>
> Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@...ddle.net>
> Cc: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@...opsys.com>
> Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@....com>
> Cc: Will Deacon <will@...nel.org>
> Cc: Guo Ren <guoren@...nel.org>
> Cc: Brian Cain <bcain@...eaurora.org>
> Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@...ux-m68k.org>
> Cc: Michal Simek <monstr@...str.eu>
> Cc: Thomas Bogendoerfer <tsbogend@...ha.franken.de>
> Cc: Ley Foon Tan <ley.foon.tan@...el.com>
> Cc: Jonas Bonn <jonas@...thpole.se>
> Cc: Stefan Kristiansson <stefan.kristiansson@...nalahti.fi>
> Cc: Stafford Horne <shorne@...il.com>
> Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <James.Bottomley@...senPartnership.com>
> Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@...erman.id.au>
> Cc: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@...roup.eu>
> Cc: Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@...ive.com>
> Cc: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@...belt.com>
> Cc: Heiko Carstens <hca@...ux.ibm.com>
> Cc: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@...rs.sourceforge.jp>
> Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@...emloft.net>
> Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@...toit.com>
> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@...utronix.de>
> Cc: Chris Zankel <chris@...kel.net>
> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>
> Cc: linux-arch@...r.kernel.org
> Cc: linux-mm@...ck.org
> Cc: linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org
> Acked-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@...ux-m68k.org> #m68k
> Acked-by: Guo Ren <guoren@...nel.org>               #csky
> Acked-by: Stafford Horne <shorne@...il.com>         #openrisc
> Acked-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@....com> #arm64
> Acked-by: Mike Rapoport <rppt@...ux.ibm.com>
> Signed-off-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@....com>
> ---
> This applies on v5.13-rc1 and has been boot tested on arm64 platform.
> But has been cross compiled on multiple other platforms.
>
> Changes in V2:
>
> - Dropped ARCH_HAS_FIRST_USER_ADDRESS construct
>
> Changes in V1:
>
> https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/linux-mm/patch/1618368899-20311-1-git-send-email-anshuman.khandual@arm.com/
>
>  arch/alpha/include/asm/pgtable.h             | 1 -
>  arch/arc/include/asm/pgtable.h               | 6 ------
>  arch/arm64/include/asm/pgtable.h             | 2 --
>  arch/csky/include/asm/pgtable.h              | 1 -
>  arch/hexagon/include/asm/pgtable.h           | 3 ---
>  arch/ia64/include/asm/pgtable.h              | 1 -
>  arch/m68k/include/asm/pgtable_mm.h           | 1 -
>  arch/microblaze/include/asm/pgtable.h        | 2 --
>  arch/mips/include/asm/pgtable-32.h           | 1 -
>  arch/mips/include/asm/pgtable-64.h           | 1 -
>  arch/nios2/include/asm/pgtable.h             | 2 --
>  arch/openrisc/include/asm/pgtable.h          | 1 -
>  arch/parisc/include/asm/pgtable.h            | 2 --
>  arch/powerpc/include/asm/book3s/pgtable.h    | 1 -
>  arch/powerpc/include/asm/nohash/32/pgtable.h | 1 -
>  arch/powerpc/include/asm/nohash/64/pgtable.h | 2 --
>  arch/riscv/include/asm/pgtable.h             | 2 --
>  arch/s390/include/asm/pgtable.h              | 2 --
>  arch/sh/include/asm/pgtable.h                | 2 --
>  arch/sparc/include/asm/pgtable_32.h          | 1 -
>  arch/sparc/include/asm/pgtable_64.h          | 3 ---
>  arch/um/include/asm/pgtable-2level.h         | 1 -
>  arch/um/include/asm/pgtable-3level.h         | 1 -
>  arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable_types.h         | 2 --
>  arch/xtensa/include/asm/pgtable.h            | 1 -
>  include/linux/pgtable.h                      | 9 +++++++++
>  26 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/arch/alpha/include/asm/pgtable.h b/arch/alpha/include/asm/pgtable.h
> index 8d856c62e22a..1a2fb0dc905b 100644
> --- a/arch/alpha/include/asm/pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/alpha/include/asm/pgtable.h
> @@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ struct vm_area_struct;
>  #define PTRS_PER_PMD	(1UL << (PAGE_SHIFT-3))
>  #define PTRS_PER_PGD	(1UL << (PAGE_SHIFT-3))
>  #define USER_PTRS_PER_PGD	(TASK_SIZE / PGDIR_SIZE)
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
>
>  /* Number of pointers that fit on a page:  this will go away. */
>  #define PTRS_PER_PAGE	(1UL << (PAGE_SHIFT-3))
> diff --git a/arch/arc/include/asm/pgtable.h b/arch/arc/include/asm/pgtable.h
> index 163641726a2b..a9fabfb70664 100644
> --- a/arch/arc/include/asm/pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/arc/include/asm/pgtable.h
> @@ -228,12 +228,6 @@
>   */
>  #define	USER_PTRS_PER_PGD	(TASK_SIZE / PGDIR_SIZE)
>
> -/*
> - * No special requirements for lowest virtual address we permit any user space
> - * mapping to be mapped at.
> - */
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS      0UL
> -
>
>  /****************************************************************
>   * Bucket load of VM Helpers
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/pgtable.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/pgtable.h
> index 0b10204e72fc..25f5c04b43ce 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/pgtable.h
> @@ -26,8 +26,6 @@
>
>  #define vmemmap			((struct page *)VMEMMAP_START - (memstart_addr >> PAGE_SHIFT))
>
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
> -
>  #ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
>
>  #include <asm/cmpxchg.h>
> diff --git a/arch/csky/include/asm/pgtable.h b/arch/csky/include/asm/pgtable.h
> index 0d60367b6bfa..151607ed5158 100644
> --- a/arch/csky/include/asm/pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/csky/include/asm/pgtable.h
> @@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
>  #define PGDIR_MASK		(~(PGDIR_SIZE-1))
>
>  #define USER_PTRS_PER_PGD	(PAGE_OFFSET/PGDIR_SIZE)
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
>
>  /*
>   * C-SKY is two-level paging structure:
> diff --git a/arch/hexagon/include/asm/pgtable.h b/arch/hexagon/include/asm/pgtable.h
> index dbb22b80b8c4..e4979508cddf 100644
> --- a/arch/hexagon/include/asm/pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/hexagon/include/asm/pgtable.h
> @@ -155,9 +155,6 @@ extern unsigned long _dflt_cache_att;
>
>  extern pgd_t swapper_pg_dir[PTRS_PER_PGD];  /* located in head.S */
>
> -/* Seems to be zero even in architectures where the zero page is firewalled? */
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS 0UL
> -
>  /*  HUGETLB not working currently  */
>  #ifdef CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE
>  #define pte_mkhuge(pte) __pte((pte_val(pte) & ~0x3) | HVM_HUGEPAGE_SIZE)
> diff --git a/arch/ia64/include/asm/pgtable.h b/arch/ia64/include/asm/pgtable.h
> index d765fd948fae..3f5dbbd8b9d8 100644
> --- a/arch/ia64/include/asm/pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/ia64/include/asm/pgtable.h
> @@ -128,7 +128,6 @@
>  #define PTRS_PER_PGD_SHIFT	PTRS_PER_PTD_SHIFT
>  #define PTRS_PER_PGD		(1UL << PTRS_PER_PGD_SHIFT)
>  #define USER_PTRS_PER_PGD	(5*PTRS_PER_PGD/8)	/* regions 0-4 are user regions */
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
>
>  /*
>   * All the normal masks have the "page accessed" bits on, as any time
> diff --git a/arch/m68k/include/asm/pgtable_mm.h b/arch/m68k/include/asm/pgtable_mm.h
> index aca22c2c1ee2..143ba7de9bda 100644
> --- a/arch/m68k/include/asm/pgtable_mm.h
> +++ b/arch/m68k/include/asm/pgtable_mm.h
> @@ -72,7 +72,6 @@
>  #define PTRS_PER_PGD	128
>  #endif
>  #define USER_PTRS_PER_PGD	(TASK_SIZE/PGDIR_SIZE)
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
>
>  /* Virtual address region for use by kernel_map() */
>  #ifdef CONFIG_SUN3
> diff --git a/arch/microblaze/include/asm/pgtable.h b/arch/microblaze/include/asm/pgtable.h
> index 9ae8d2c17dd5..71cd547655d9 100644
> --- a/arch/microblaze/include/asm/pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/microblaze/include/asm/pgtable.h
> @@ -25,8 +25,6 @@ extern int mem_init_done;
>  #include <asm/mmu.h>
>  #include <asm/page.h>
>
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
> -
>  extern unsigned long va_to_phys(unsigned long address);
>  extern pte_t *va_to_pte(unsigned long address);
>
> diff --git a/arch/mips/include/asm/pgtable-32.h b/arch/mips/include/asm/pgtable-32.h
> index 6c0532d7b211..95df9c293d8d 100644
> --- a/arch/mips/include/asm/pgtable-32.h
> +++ b/arch/mips/include/asm/pgtable-32.h
> @@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ extern int add_temporary_entry(unsigned long entrylo0, unsigned long entrylo1,
>  #endif
>
>  #define USER_PTRS_PER_PGD	(0x80000000UL/PGDIR_SIZE)
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
>
>  #define VMALLOC_START	  MAP_BASE
>
> diff --git a/arch/mips/include/asm/pgtable-64.h b/arch/mips/include/asm/pgtable-64.h
> index 1e7d6ce9d8d6..046465906c82 100644
> --- a/arch/mips/include/asm/pgtable-64.h
> +++ b/arch/mips/include/asm/pgtable-64.h
> @@ -137,7 +137,6 @@
>  #define PTRS_PER_PTE	((PAGE_SIZE << PTE_ORDER) / sizeof(pte_t))
>
>  #define USER_PTRS_PER_PGD       ((TASK_SIZE64 / PGDIR_SIZE)?(TASK_SIZE64 / PGDIR_SIZE):1)
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
>
>  /*
>   * TLB refill handlers also map the vmalloc area into xuseg.  Avoid
> diff --git a/arch/nios2/include/asm/pgtable.h b/arch/nios2/include/asm/pgtable.h
> index 2600d76c310c..4a995fa628ee 100644
> --- a/arch/nios2/include/asm/pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/nios2/include/asm/pgtable.h
> @@ -24,8 +24,6 @@
>  #include <asm/pgtable-bits.h>
>  #include <asm-generic/pgtable-nopmd.h>
>
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
> -
>  #define VMALLOC_START		CONFIG_NIOS2_KERNEL_MMU_REGION_BASE
>  #define VMALLOC_END		(CONFIG_NIOS2_KERNEL_REGION_BASE - 1)
>
> diff --git a/arch/openrisc/include/asm/pgtable.h b/arch/openrisc/include/asm/pgtable.h
> index 9425bedab4fc..4ac591c9ca33 100644
> --- a/arch/openrisc/include/asm/pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/openrisc/include/asm/pgtable.h
> @@ -73,7 +73,6 @@ extern void paging_init(void);
>   */
>
>  #define USER_PTRS_PER_PGD       (TASK_SIZE/PGDIR_SIZE)
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS      0UL
>
>  /*
>   * Kernels own virtual memory area.
> diff --git a/arch/parisc/include/asm/pgtable.h b/arch/parisc/include/asm/pgtable.h
> index 39017210dbf0..7f33c29764cc 100644
> --- a/arch/parisc/include/asm/pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/parisc/include/asm/pgtable.h
> @@ -171,8 +171,6 @@ static inline void purge_tlb_entries(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr)
>   * pgd entries used up by user/kernel:
>   */
>
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
> -
>  /* NB: The tlb miss handlers make certain assumptions about the order */
>  /*     of the following bits, so be careful (One example, bits 25-31  */
>  /*     are moved together in one instruction).                        */
> diff --git a/arch/powerpc/include/asm/book3s/pgtable.h b/arch/powerpc/include/asm/book3s/pgtable.h
> index 0e1263455d73..ad130e15a126 100644
> --- a/arch/powerpc/include/asm/book3s/pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/powerpc/include/asm/book3s/pgtable.h
> @@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
>  #include <asm/book3s/32/pgtable.h>
>  #endif
>
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
>  #ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
>  /* Insert a PTE, top-level function is out of line. It uses an inline
>   * low level function in the respective pgtable-* files
> diff --git a/arch/powerpc/include/asm/nohash/32/pgtable.h b/arch/powerpc/include/asm/nohash/32/pgtable.h
> index 96522f7f0618..f06ae00f2a65 100644
> --- a/arch/powerpc/include/asm/nohash/32/pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/powerpc/include/asm/nohash/32/pgtable.h
> @@ -54,7 +54,6 @@ extern int icache_44x_need_flush;
>  #define PGD_MASKED_BITS		0
>
>  #define USER_PTRS_PER_PGD	(TASK_SIZE / PGDIR_SIZE)
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
>
>  #define pte_ERROR(e) \
>  	pr_err("%s:%d: bad pte %llx.\n", __FILE__, __LINE__, \
> diff --git a/arch/powerpc/include/asm/nohash/64/pgtable.h b/arch/powerpc/include/asm/nohash/64/pgtable.h
> index 57cd3892bfe0..53fbfdfac93d 100644
> --- a/arch/powerpc/include/asm/nohash/64/pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/powerpc/include/asm/nohash/64/pgtable.h
> @@ -12,8 +12,6 @@
>  #include <asm/barrier.h>
>  #include <asm/asm-const.h>
>
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
> -
>  /*
>   * Size of EA range mapped by our pagetables.
>   */
> diff --git a/arch/riscv/include/asm/pgtable.h b/arch/riscv/include/asm/pgtable.h
> index 9469f464e71a..286870765b49 100644
> --- a/arch/riscv/include/asm/pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/riscv/include/asm/pgtable.h
> @@ -537,8 +537,6 @@ void setup_bootmem(void);
>  void paging_init(void);
>  void misc_mem_init(void);
>
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS  0
> -
>  /*
>   * ZERO_PAGE is a global shared page that is always zero,
>   * used for zero-mapped memory areas, etc.

Acked-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmerdabbelt@...gle.com> # RISC-V

> diff --git a/arch/s390/include/asm/pgtable.h b/arch/s390/include/asm/pgtable.h
> index 29c7ecd5ad1d..4ee49bb98f34 100644
> --- a/arch/s390/include/asm/pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/s390/include/asm/pgtable.h
> @@ -65,8 +65,6 @@ extern unsigned long zero_page_mask;
>
>  /* TODO: s390 cannot support io_remap_pfn_range... */
>
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS  0UL
> -
>  #define pte_ERROR(e) \
>  	printk("%s:%d: bad pte %p.\n", __FILE__, __LINE__, (void *) pte_val(e))
>  #define pmd_ERROR(e) \
> diff --git a/arch/sh/include/asm/pgtable.h b/arch/sh/include/asm/pgtable.h
> index 27751e9470df..d7ddb1ec86a0 100644
> --- a/arch/sh/include/asm/pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/sh/include/asm/pgtable.h
> @@ -59,8 +59,6 @@ static inline unsigned long long neff_sign_extend(unsigned long val)
>  /* Entries per level */
>  #define PTRS_PER_PTE	(PAGE_SIZE / (1 << PTE_MAGNITUDE))
>
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
> -
>  #define PHYS_ADDR_MASK29		0x1fffffff
>  #define PHYS_ADDR_MASK32		0xffffffff
>
> diff --git a/arch/sparc/include/asm/pgtable_32.h b/arch/sparc/include/asm/pgtable_32.h
> index a5cf79c149fe..0888bda245f5 100644
> --- a/arch/sparc/include/asm/pgtable_32.h
> +++ b/arch/sparc/include/asm/pgtable_32.h
> @@ -48,7 +48,6 @@ unsigned long __init bootmem_init(unsigned long *pages_avail);
>  #define PTRS_PER_PMD    	64
>  #define PTRS_PER_PGD    	256
>  #define USER_PTRS_PER_PGD	PAGE_OFFSET / PGDIR_SIZE
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
>  #define PTE_SIZE		(PTRS_PER_PTE*4)
>
>  #define PAGE_NONE	SRMMU_PAGE_NONE
> diff --git a/arch/sparc/include/asm/pgtable_64.h b/arch/sparc/include/asm/pgtable_64.h
> index 550d3904de65..57460b7ada7b 100644
> --- a/arch/sparc/include/asm/pgtable_64.h
> +++ b/arch/sparc/include/asm/pgtable_64.h
> @@ -95,9 +95,6 @@ bool kern_addr_valid(unsigned long addr);
>  #define PTRS_PER_PUD	(1UL << PUD_BITS)
>  #define PTRS_PER_PGD	(1UL << PGDIR_BITS)
>
> -/* Kernel has a separate 44bit address space. */
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
> -
>  #define pmd_ERROR(e)							\
>  	pr_err("%s:%d: bad pmd %p(%016lx) seen at (%pS)\n",		\
>  	       __FILE__, __LINE__, &(e), pmd_val(e), __builtin_return_address(0))
> diff --git a/arch/um/include/asm/pgtable-2level.h b/arch/um/include/asm/pgtable-2level.h
> index 32106d31e4ab..8256ecc5b919 100644
> --- a/arch/um/include/asm/pgtable-2level.h
> +++ b/arch/um/include/asm/pgtable-2level.h
> @@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
>  #define PTRS_PER_PTE	1024
>  #define USER_PTRS_PER_PGD ((TASK_SIZE + (PGDIR_SIZE - 1)) / PGDIR_SIZE)
>  #define PTRS_PER_PGD	1024
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
>
>  #define pte_ERROR(e) \
>          printk("%s:%d: bad pte %p(%08lx).\n", __FILE__, __LINE__, &(e), \
> diff --git a/arch/um/include/asm/pgtable-3level.h b/arch/um/include/asm/pgtable-3level.h
> index 7e6a4180db9d..9289a86643a9 100644
> --- a/arch/um/include/asm/pgtable-3level.h
> +++ b/arch/um/include/asm/pgtable-3level.h
> @@ -41,7 +41,6 @@
>  #endif
>
>  #define USER_PTRS_PER_PGD ((TASK_SIZE + (PGDIR_SIZE - 1)) / PGDIR_SIZE)
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
>
>  #define pte_ERROR(e) \
>          printk("%s:%d: bad pte %p(%016lx).\n", __FILE__, __LINE__, &(e), \
> diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable_types.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable_types.h
> index f24d7ef8fffa..40497a9020c6 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable_types.h
> +++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable_types.h
> @@ -7,8 +7,6 @@
>
>  #include <asm/page_types.h>
>
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
> -
>  #define _PAGE_BIT_PRESENT	0	/* is present */
>  #define _PAGE_BIT_RW		1	/* writeable */
>  #define _PAGE_BIT_USER		2	/* userspace addressable */
> diff --git a/arch/xtensa/include/asm/pgtable.h b/arch/xtensa/include/asm/pgtable.h
> index d7fc45c920c2..bd5aeb795567 100644
> --- a/arch/xtensa/include/asm/pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/xtensa/include/asm/pgtable.h
> @@ -59,7 +59,6 @@
>  #define PTRS_PER_PGD		1024
>  #define PGD_ORDER		0
>  #define USER_PTRS_PER_PGD	(TASK_SIZE/PGDIR_SIZE)
> -#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
>  #define FIRST_USER_PGD_NR	(FIRST_USER_ADDRESS >> PGDIR_SHIFT)
>
>  #ifdef CONFIG_MMU
> diff --git a/include/linux/pgtable.h b/include/linux/pgtable.h
> index 46b13780c2c8..1bed8b82e59d 100644
> --- a/include/linux/pgtable.h
> +++ b/include/linux/pgtable.h
> @@ -28,6 +28,15 @@
>  #define USER_PGTABLES_CEILING	0UL
>  #endif
>
> +/*
> + * This defines the first usable user address. Platforms
> + * can override its value with custom FIRST_USER_ADDRESS
> + * defined in their respective <asm/pgtable.h>.
> + */
> +#ifndef FIRST_USER_ADDRESS
> +#define FIRST_USER_ADDRESS	0UL
> +#endif
> +
>  /*
>   * A page table page can be thought of an array like this: pXd_t[PTRS_PER_PxD]
>   *

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