Date:   Sun, 4 Sep 2022 23:02:38 -0700
From:   Bill Wendling <morbo@...gle.com>
To:     Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>
Cc:     Juergen Gross <jgross@...e.com>,
        "Srivatsa S. Bhat (VMware)" <srivatsa@...il.mit.edu>,
        Alexey Makhalov <amakhalov@...are.com>,
        VMware PV-Drivers Reviewers <pv-drivers@...are.com>,
        Thomas Gleixner <tglx@...utronix.de>,
        Ingo Molnar <mingo@...hat.com>, Borislav Petkov <bp@...en8.de>,
        Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@...ux.intel.com>,
        "maintainer:X86 ARCHITECTURE (32-BIT AND 64-BIT)" <x86@...nel.org>,
        "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@...or.com>,
        virtualization@...ts.linux-foundation.org,
        LKML <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
        Nathan Chancellor <nathan@...nel.org>,
        Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@...gle.com>,
        clang-built-linux <llvm@...ts.linux.dev>,
        linux-hardening@...r.kernel.org
Subject: Re: [PATCH 2/2] x86/paravirt: add extra clobbers with
 ZERO_CALL_USED_REGS enabled

On Sat, Sep 3, 2022 at 12:18 AM Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org> wrote:
>
> On Fri, Sep 02, 2022 at 09:37:50PM +0000, Bill Wendling wrote:
> > [...]
> >         callq   *pv_ops+536(%rip)
>
> Do you know which pv_ops function is this? I can't figure out where
> pte_offset_kernel() gets converted into a pv_ops call....
>
This one is _paravirt_ident_64, I believe. I think that the original
issue Nathan was seeing was with another seemingly innocuous function.

> > [...]
> > --- a/arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt_types.h
> > +++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt_types.h
> > @@ -414,8 +414,17 @@ int paravirt_disable_iospace(void);
> >                               "=c" (__ecx)
> >  #define PVOP_CALL_CLOBBERS   PVOP_VCALL_CLOBBERS, "=a" (__eax)
> >
> > -/* void functions are still allowed [re]ax for scratch */
> > +/*
> > + * void functions are still allowed [re]ax for scratch.
> > + *
> > + * The ZERO_CALL_USED REGS feature may end up zeroing out callee-saved
> > + * registers. Make sure we model this with the appropriate clobbers.
> > + */
> > +#ifdef CONFIG_ZERO_CALL_USED_REGS
> > +#define PVOP_VCALLEE_CLOBBERS        "=a" (__eax), PVOP_VCALL_CLOBBERS
> > +#else
> >  #define PVOP_VCALLEE_CLOBBERS        "=a" (__eax)
> > +#endif
> >  #define PVOP_CALLEE_CLOBBERS PVOP_VCALLEE_CLOBBERS
>
> I don't think this should depend on CONFIG_ZERO_CALL_USED_REGS; it should
> always be present.
>
> I've only been looking at this just now, so many I'm missing
> something. The callee clobbers are for functions with return values,
> yes?
>
Kinda. It seems that the usage here is to let the compiler know that a
register may be modified by the callee, not just that it's an "actual"
return value. So it's suitable for void functions.

> For example, 32-bit has to manually deal with doing a 64-bit value return,
> and even got it wrong originally, fixing it in commit 0eb592dbba40
> ("x86/paravirt: return full 64-bit result"), with:
>
> -#define PVOP_VCALLEE_CLOBBERS          "=a" (__eax)
> +#define PVOP_VCALLEE_CLOBBERS          "=a" (__eax), "=d" (__edx)
>
> But the naming is confusing, since these aren't actually clobbers,
> they're input constraints marked as clobbers (the "=" modifier).
>
Right.

> Regardless, the note in the comments ...
>
>  ...
>  * However, x86_64 also have to clobber all caller saved registers, which
>  * unfortunately, are quite a bit (r8 - r11)
>  ...
>
> ... would indicate that ALL the function argument registers need to be
> marked as clobbers (i.e. the compiler can't figure this out on its own).
>
Good point. And there are some forms of these macros that specify
those as clobbers.

> I was going to say it seems like they're missing from EXTRA_CLOBBERS,
> but it's not used with any of the macros using PVOP_VCALLEE_CLOBBERS,
> and then I saw the weird alternatives patching that encodes the clobbers
> a second time (CLBR_ANY vs CLBR_RET_REG) via:
>
> #define _paravirt_alt(insn_string, type, clobber)       \
>         "771:\n\t" insn_string "\n" "772:\n"            \
>         ".pushsection .parainstructions,\"a\"\n"        \
>         _ASM_ALIGN "\n"                                 \
>         _ASM_PTR " 771b\n"                              \
>         "  .byte " type "\n"                            \
>         "  .byte 772b-771b\n"                           \
>         "  .short " clobber "\n"                        \
>         ".popsection\n"
>
> And after reading the alternatives patching code which parses this via
> the following struct:
>
> /* These all sit in the .parainstructions section to tell us what to patch. */
> struct paravirt_patch_site {
>         u8 *instr;              /* original instructions */
>         u8 type;                /* type of this instruction */
>         u8 len;                 /* length of original instruction */
> };
>
> ... I see it _doesn't use the clobbers_ at all! *head explode* I found
> that removal in commit 27876f3882fd ("x86/paravirt: Remove clobbers from
> struct paravirt_patch_site")
>
> So, I guess the CLBR_* can all be entirely removed. But back to my other
> train of thought...
>
[switches stations]

> It seems like all the input registers need to be explicitly listed in
> the PVOP_VCALLEE_CLOBBERS list (as you have), but likely should be done
> unconditionally and for 32-bit as well.
>
Possibly, though it may cause significant code degradation when the
compiler needs to store a value that's live over the ASM statement,
but the register it's in isn't actually modified. I saw that in the
example I gave in the description. In the case where a "movq" is used,
there's a useless move of "rdi" into "r11".

> (Also, please CC linux-hardening@...r.kernel.org.)
>
Doh! Someday I'll learn email.

-bw

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