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Message-ID: <ZNNi/4L1mD8XPNix@elver.google.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Aug 2023 11:57:19 +0200
From: Marco Elver <elver@...gle.com>
To: Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
Guenter Roeck <linux@...ck-us.net>,
Peter Zijlstra <peterz@...radead.org>,
Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@....com>,
Steven Rostedt <rostedt@...dmis.org>,
Marc Zyngier <maz@...nel.org>,
Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@...ux.dev>,
James Morse <james.morse@....com>,
Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@....com>,
Zenghui Yu <yuzenghui@...wei.com>,
Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@....com>,
Will Deacon <will@...nel.org>,
Nathan Chancellor <nathan@...nel.org>,
Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@...gle.com>,
Tom Rix <trix@...hat.com>, Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@...nel.org>,
Sami Tolvanen <samitolvanen@...gle.com>,
linux-arm-kernel@...ts.infradead.org, kvmarm@...ts.linux.dev,
linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, llvm@...ts.linux.dev,
Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@...gle.com>,
Alexander Potapenko <glider@...gle.com>,
kasan-dev@...glegroups.com, linux-toolchains@...r.kernel.org
Subject: Re: [PATCH v3 3/3] list_debug: Introduce CONFIG_DEBUG_LIST_MINIMAL
On Wed, Aug 09, 2023 at 09:35AM +0200, Marco Elver wrote:
> > I'd really like to get away from calling this "DEBUG", since it's used
> > more for hardening (CONFIG_LIST_HARDENED?). Will Deacon spent some time
> > making this better a while back, but the series never landed. Do you
> > have a bit of time to look through it?
> >
> > https://github.com/KSPP/linux/issues/10
> > https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20200324153643.15527-1-will@kernel.org/
>
> I'm fine renaming this one. But there are other issues that Will's
> series solves, which I don't want this series to depend on. We can try
> to sort them out separately.
>
> The main problem here is that DEBUG_LIST has been designed to be
> friendly for debugging (incl. checking poison values and NULL). Some
> kernel devs may still want that, but for production use is pointless
> and wasteful.
>
> So what I can propose is to introduce CONFIG_LIST_HARDENED that
> doesn't depend on CONFIG_DEBUG_LIST, but instead selects it, because
> we still use that code to produce a report.
How about the below?
We'll add CONFIG_HARDEN_LIST (in Kconfig.hardening), which is
independent of CONFIG_DEBUG_LIST. For the implementation it selects
DEBUG_LIST, but irrelevant for users.
This will get us the best of both worlds: a version for hardening that
should remain as fast as possible, and one for debugging with better
reports.
------ >8 ------
From: Marco Elver <elver@...gle.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Jul 2023 22:19:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH v4 3/3] list: Introduce CONFIG_HARDEN_LIST
Numerous production kernel configs (see [1, 2]) are choosing to enable
CONFIG_DEBUG_LIST, which is also being recommended by KSPP for hardened
configs [3]. The motivation behind this is that the option can be used
as a security hardening feature (e.g. CVE-2019-2215 and CVE-2019-2025
are mitigated by the option [4]).
The feature has never been designed with performance in mind, yet common
list manipulation is happening across hot paths all over the kernel.
Introduce CONFIG_HARDEN_LIST, which performs list pointer checking
inline, and only upon list corruption calls the reporting slow path.
To generate optimal machine code with CONFIG_HARDEN_LIST:
1. Elide checking for pointer values which upon dereference would
result in an immediate access fault -- therefore "minimal" checks.
The trade-off is lower-quality error reports.
2. Use the newly introduced __preserve_most function attribute
(available with Clang, but not yet with GCC) to minimize the code
footprint for calling the reporting slow path. As a result,
function size of callers is reduced by avoiding saving registers
before calling the rarely called reporting slow path.
Note that all TUs in lib/Makefile already disable function tracing,
including list_debug.c, and __preserve_most's implied notrace has
no effect in this case.
3. Because the inline checks are a subset of the full set of checks in
__list_*_valid_or_report(), always return false if the inline
checks failed. This avoids redundant compare and conditional
branch right after return from the slow path.
As a side-effect of the checks being inline, if the compiler can prove
some condition to always be true, it can completely elide some checks.
Running netperf with CONFIG_HARDEN_LIST (using a Clang compiler with
"preserve_most") shows throughput improvements, in my case of ~7% on
average (up to 20-30% on some test cases).
Link: https://r.android.com/1266735 [1]
Link: https://gitlab.archlinux.org/archlinux/packaging/packages/linux/-/blob/main/config [2]
Link: https://kernsec.org/wiki/index.php/Kernel_Self_Protection_Project/Recommended_Settings [3]
Link: https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2019/11/bad-binder-android-in-wild-exploit.html [4]
Signed-off-by: Marco Elver <elver@...gle.com>
---
v4:
* Rename to CONFIG_HARDEN_LIST, which can independently be selected from
CONFIG_DEBUG_LIST.
v3:
* Rename ___list_*_valid() to __list_*_valid_or_report().
* More comments.
v2:
* Note that lib/Makefile disables function tracing for everything and
__preserve_most's implied notrace is a noop here.
---
arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/list_debug.c | 2 +
include/linux/list.h | 64 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---
lib/Kconfig.debug | 12 ++++--
lib/list_debug.c | 2 +
security/Kconfig.hardening | 14 ++++++
5 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/list_debug.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/list_debug.c
index 16266a939a4c..46a2d4f2b3c6 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/list_debug.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/list_debug.c
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ static inline __must_check bool nvhe_check_data_corruption(bool v)
/* The predicates checked here are taken from lib/list_debug.c. */
+__list_valid_slowpath
bool __list_add_valid_or_report(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *prev,
struct list_head *next)
{
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ bool __list_add_valid_or_report(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *prev,
return true;
}
+__list_valid_slowpath
bool __list_del_entry_valid_or_report(struct list_head *entry)
{
struct list_head *prev, *next;
diff --git a/include/linux/list.h b/include/linux/list.h
index 130c6a1bb45c..1c7f70b7cc7a 100644
--- a/include/linux/list.h
+++ b/include/linux/list.h
@@ -39,38 +39,90 @@ static inline void INIT_LIST_HEAD(struct list_head *list)
}
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_LIST
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_HARDEN_LIST
+# define __list_valid_slowpath __cold __preserve_most
+#else
+# define __list_valid_slowpath
+#endif
+
/*
* Performs the full set of list corruption checks before __list_add().
* On list corruption reports a warning, and returns false.
*/
-extern bool __list_add_valid_or_report(struct list_head *new,
- struct list_head *prev,
- struct list_head *next);
+extern bool __list_valid_slowpath __list_add_valid_or_report(struct list_head *new,
+ struct list_head *prev,
+ struct list_head *next);
/*
* Performs list corruption checks before __list_add(). Returns false if a
* corruption is detected, true otherwise.
+ *
+ * With CONFIG_HARDEN_LIST set, performs minimal list integrity checking (that
+ * do not result in a fault) inline, and only if a corruption is detected calls
+ * the reporting function __list_add_valid_or_report().
*/
static __always_inline bool __list_add_valid(struct list_head *new,
struct list_head *prev,
struct list_head *next)
{
- return __list_add_valid_or_report(new, prev, next);
+ bool ret = true;
+
+ if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HARDEN_LIST)) {
+ /*
+ * With the hardening version, elide checking if next and prev
+ * are NULL, since the immediate dereference of them below would
+ * result in a fault if NULL.
+ *
+ * With the reduced set of checks, we can afford to inline the
+ * checks, which also gives the compiler a chance to elide some
+ * of them completely if they can be proven at compile-time. If
+ * one of the pre-conditions does not hold, the slow-path will
+ * show a report which pre-condition failed.
+ */
+ if (likely(next->prev == prev && prev->next == next && new != prev && new != next))
+ return true;
+ ret = false;
+ }
+
+ ret &= __list_add_valid_or_report(new, prev, next);
+ return ret;
}
/*
* Performs the full set of list corruption checks before __list_del_entry().
* On list corruption reports a warning, and returns false.
*/
-extern bool __list_del_entry_valid_or_report(struct list_head *entry);
+extern bool __list_valid_slowpath __list_del_entry_valid_or_report(struct list_head *entry);
/*
* Performs list corruption checks before __list_del_entry(). Returns false if a
* corruption is detected, true otherwise.
+ *
+ * With CONFIG_HARDEN_LIST set, performs minimal list integrity checking (that
+ * do not result in a fault) inline, and only if a corruption is detected calls
+ * the reporting function __list_del_entry_valid_or_report().
*/
static __always_inline bool __list_del_entry_valid(struct list_head *entry)
{
- return __list_del_entry_valid_or_report(entry);
+ bool ret = true;
+
+ if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HARDEN_LIST)) {
+ struct list_head *prev = entry->prev;
+ struct list_head *next = entry->next;
+
+ /*
+ * With the hardening version, elide checking if next and prev
+ * are NULL, LIST_POISON1 or LIST_POISON2, since the immediate
+ * dereference of them below would result in a fault.
+ */
+ if (likely(prev->next == entry && next->prev == entry))
+ return true;
+ ret = false;
+ }
+
+ ret &= __list_del_entry_valid_or_report(entry);
+ return ret;
}
#else
static inline bool __list_add_valid(struct list_head *new,
diff --git a/lib/Kconfig.debug b/lib/Kconfig.debug
index fbc89baf7de6..6b0de78fb2da 100644
--- a/lib/Kconfig.debug
+++ b/lib/Kconfig.debug
@@ -1672,11 +1672,15 @@ config HAVE_DEBUG_BUGVERBOSE
menu "Debug kernel data structures"
config DEBUG_LIST
- bool "Debug linked list manipulation"
- depends on DEBUG_KERNEL || BUG_ON_DATA_CORRUPTION
+ bool "Debug linked list manipulation" if !HARDEN_LIST
+ depends on DEBUG_KERNEL || BUG_ON_DATA_CORRUPTION || HARDEN_LIST
help
- Enable this to turn on extended checks in the linked-list
- walking routines.
+ Enable this to turn on extended checks in the linked-list walking
+ routines.
+
+ If you care about performance, you should enable CONFIG_HARDEN_LIST
+ instead. This option alone trades better quality error reports for
+ worse performance, and is more suitable for debugging.
If unsure, say N.
diff --git a/lib/list_debug.c b/lib/list_debug.c
index 2def33b1491f..0ff547910dd0 100644
--- a/lib/list_debug.c
+++ b/lib/list_debug.c
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
* attempt).
*/
+__list_valid_slowpath
bool __list_add_valid_or_report(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *prev,
struct list_head *next)
{
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@ bool __list_add_valid_or_report(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *prev,
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__list_add_valid_or_report);
+__list_valid_slowpath
bool __list_del_entry_valid_or_report(struct list_head *entry)
{
struct list_head *prev, *next;
diff --git a/security/Kconfig.hardening b/security/Kconfig.hardening
index 0f295961e773..a8aef895f13d 100644
--- a/security/Kconfig.hardening
+++ b/security/Kconfig.hardening
@@ -279,6 +279,20 @@ config ZERO_CALL_USED_REGS
endmenu
+menu "Hardening of kernel data structures"
+
+config HARDEN_LIST
+ bool "Check integrity of linked list manipulation"
+ select DEBUG_LIST
+ help
+ Minimal integrity checking in the linked-list manipulation routines
+ to catch memory corruptions that are not guaranteed to result in an
+ immediate access fault.
+
+ If unsure, say N.
+
+endmenu
+
config CC_HAS_RANDSTRUCT
def_bool $(cc-option,-frandomize-layout-seed-file=/dev/null)
# Randstruct was first added in Clang 15, but it isn't safe to use until
--
2.41.0.640.ga95def55d0-goog
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