Date:   Sun, 8 Oct 2023 17:35:35 +0000
From:   Joel Fernandes <joel@...lfernandes.org>
To:     Ingo Molnar <mingo@...nel.org>
Cc:     linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, Ingo Molnar <mingo@...hat.com>,
        Peter Zijlstra <peterz@...radead.org>,
        Juri Lelli <juri.lelli@...hat.com>,
        Vincent Guittot <vincent.guittot@...aro.org>,
        Dietmar Eggemann <dietmar.eggemann@....com>,
        Steven Rostedt <rostedt@...dmis.org>,
        Ben Segall <bsegall@...gle.com>, Mel Gorman <mgorman@...e.de>,
        Daniel Bristot de Oliveira <bristot@...hat.com>,
        Valentin Schneider <vschneid@...hat.com>,
        Vineeth Pillai <vineethrp@...gle.com>,
        Suleiman Souhlal <suleiman@...gle.com>,
        Hsin Yi <hsinyi@...gle.com>,
        Frederic Weisbecker <frederic@...nel.org>,
        "Paul E . McKenney" <paulmck@...nel.org>
Subject: Re: [PATCH RFC] sched/fair: Avoid unnecessary IPIs for ILB

On Fri, Oct 06, 2023 at 12:51:41PM +0200, Ingo Molnar wrote:
> 
> * Joel Fernandes (Google) <joel@...lfernandes.org> wrote:
> 
> > From: Vineeth Pillai <vineethrp@...gle.com>
> > 
> > Whenever a CPU stops its tick, it now requires another idle CPU to handle the
> > balancing for it because it can't perform its own periodic load balancing.
> > This means it might need to update 'nohz.next_balance' to 'rq->next_balance' if
> > the upcoming nohz-idle load balancing is too distant in the future. This update
> > process is done by triggering an ILB, as the general ILB handler
> > (_nohz_idle_balance) that manages regular nohz balancing also refreshes
> > 'nohz.next_balance' by looking at the 'rq->next_balance' of all other idle CPUs
> > and selecting the smallest value.
> > 
> > Triggering this ILB can be achieved by setting the NOHZ_NEXT_KICK flag. This
> > primarily results in the ILB handler updating 'nohz.next_balance' while
> > possibly not doing any load balancing at all. However, sending an IPI merely to
> > refresh 'nohz.next_balance' seems excessive, and there ought to be a more
> > efficient method to update 'nohz.next_balance' from the local CPU.
> > 
> > Fortunately, there already exists a mechanism to directly invoke the ILB
> > handler (_nohz_idle_balance) without initiating an IPI. It's accomplished by
> > setting the NOHZ_NEWILB_KICK flag. This flag is set during regular "newly idle"
> > balancing and solely exists to update a CPU's blocked load if it couldn't pull
> > more tasks during regular "newly idle balancing" - and it does so without
> > having to send any IPIs. Once the flag is set, the ILB handler is called
> > directly from do_idle()-> nohz_run_idle_balance(). While its goal is to update
> > the blocked load without an IPI, in our situation, we aim to refresh
> > 'nohz.next_balance' without an IPI but we can piggy back on this.
> > 
> > So in this patch, we reuse this mechanism by also setting the NOHZ_NEXT_KICK to
> > indicate nohz.next_balance needs an update via this direct call shortcut. Note
> > that we set this flag without knowledge that the tick is about to be stopped,
> > because at the point we do it, we have no way of knowing that. However we do
> > know that the CPU is about to enter idle. In our testing, the reduction in IPIs
> > is well worth updating nohz.next_balance a few more times.
> > 
> > Also just to note, without this patch we observe the following pattern:
> > 
> > 1. A CPU is about to stop its tick.
> > 2. It sets nohz.needs_update to 1.
> > 3. It then stops its tick and goes idle.
> > 4. The scheduler tick on another CPU checks this flag and decides an ILB kick is needed.
> > 5. The ILB CPU ends up being the one that just stopped its tick!
> > 6. This results in an IPI to the tick-stopped CPU which ends up waking it up
> >    and disturbing it!
> > 
> > Testing shows a considerable reduction in IPIs when doing this:
> > 
> > Running "cyclictest -i 100 -d 100 --latency=1000 -t -m" on a 4vcpu VM
> > the IPI call count profiled over 10s period is as follows:
> > without fix: ~10500
> > with fix: ~1000
> > 
> > Fixes: 7fd7a9e0caba ("sched/fair: Trigger nohz.next_balance updates when a CPU goes NOHZ-idle")
> > 
> > [ Joel: wrote commit messages, collaborated on fix, helped reproduce issue etc. ]
> > 
> > Cc: Suleiman Souhlal <suleiman@...gle.com>
> > Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@...dmis.org>
> > Cc: Hsin Yi <hsinyi@...gle.com>
> > Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <frederic@...nel.org>
> > Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@...nel.org>
> > Signed-off-by: Vineeth Pillai <vineethrp@...gle.com>
> > Co-developed-by: Joel Fernandes (Google) <joel@...lfernandes.org>
> > Signed-off-by: Joel Fernandes (Google) <joel@...lfernandes.org>
> > ---
> >  kernel/sched/fair.c | 21 ++++++++++++++-------
> >  1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
> > 
> > diff --git a/kernel/sched/fair.c b/kernel/sched/fair.c
> > index cb225921bbca..2ece55f32782 100644
> > --- a/kernel/sched/fair.c
> > +++ b/kernel/sched/fair.c
> > @@ -11786,13 +11786,12 @@ void nohz_balance_enter_idle(int cpu)
> >  	/*
> >  	 * Ensures that if nohz_idle_balance() fails to observe our
> >  	 * @idle_cpus_mask store, it must observe the @has_blocked
> > -	 * and @needs_update stores.
> > +	 * stores.
> >  	 */
> >  	smp_mb__after_atomic();
> >  
> >  	set_cpu_sd_state_idle(cpu);
> >  
> > -	WRITE_ONCE(nohz.needs_update, 1);
> >  out:
> >  	/*
> >  	 * Each time a cpu enter idle, we assume that it has blocked load and
> > @@ -11945,21 +11944,25 @@ static bool nohz_idle_balance(struct rq *this_rq, enum cpu_idle_type idle)
> >  }
> >  
> >  /*
> > - * Check if we need to run the ILB for updating blocked load before entering
> > - * idle state.
> > + * Check if we need to run the ILB for updating blocked load and/or updating
> > + * nohz.next_balance before entering idle state.
> >   */
> >  void nohz_run_idle_balance(int cpu)
> >  {
> >  	unsigned int flags;
> >  
> > -	flags = atomic_fetch_andnot(NOHZ_NEWILB_KICK, nohz_flags(cpu));
> > +	flags = atomic_fetch_andnot(NOHZ_NEWILB_KICK | NOHZ_NEXT_KICK, nohz_flags(cpu));
> > +
> > +	if (!flags)
> > +		return;
> >  
> >  	/*
> >  	 * Update the blocked load only if no SCHED_SOFTIRQ is about to happen
> >  	 * (ie NOHZ_STATS_KICK set) and will do the same.
> >  	 */
> > -	if ((flags == NOHZ_NEWILB_KICK) && !need_resched())
> > -		_nohz_idle_balance(cpu_rq(cpu), NOHZ_STATS_KICK);
> > +	if ((flags == (flags & (NOHZ_NEXT_KICK | NOHZ_NEWILB_KICK))) &&
> > +	    !need_resched())
> > +		_nohz_idle_balance(cpu_rq(cpu), flags);
> >  }
> >  
> >  static void nohz_newidle_balance(struct rq *this_rq)
> > @@ -11977,6 +11980,10 @@ static void nohz_newidle_balance(struct rq *this_rq)
> >  	if (this_rq->avg_idle < sysctl_sched_migration_cost)
> >  		return;
> >  
> > +	/* If rq->next_balance before nohz.next_balance, trigger ILB */
> > +	if (time_before(this_rq->next_balance, READ_ONCE(nohz.next_balance)))
> > +		atomic_or(NOHZ_NEXT_KICK, nohz_flags(this_cpu));
> > +
> >  	/* Don't need to update blocked load of idle CPUs*/
> >  	if (!READ_ONCE(nohz.has_blocked) ||
> >  	    time_before(jiffies, READ_ONCE(nohz.next_blocked)))
> 
> Ok, judging by your IPI reduction numbers this is definitely an 
> optimization we want to do.
> 
> The patch does make _nohz_idle_balance() run more parallel, as previously 
> it would be generally run by the first-idle CPU in nohz.idle_cpus_mask (at 
> least for next_balance updates), but I think it's still SMP-safe, as all 
> key data structure updates are already rq-locked AFAICS.

One thing I am confused about in the original code is:

tick_nohz_idle_stop_tick() is what sets the nohz.idle_cpus_mask.
However, nohz_run_idle_balance() is called before that can happen, in
do_idle(). So it is possible that NOHZ_NEWILB_KICK is set for a CPU but it is
not yet in the mask.

So will this code in _nohz_idle_balance() really run in such a scenario?

                if (flags & NOHZ_STATS_KICK)
                        has_blocked_load |= update_nohz_stats(rq);

AFAICS, this loop may not select the CPU due to its absence from the mask:
        for_each_cpu_wrap(balance_cpu,  nohz.idle_cpus_mask, this_cpu+1)

I must be missing something. I'll go trace this path later as well.

thanks,

 - Joel

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