Message-ID: <7cc83ffc-c9cc-4e87-a3ee-bb62588a594c@efficios.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Oct 2024 10:19:05 -0400
From: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@...icios.com>
To: Joel Fernandes <joel@...lfernandes.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@...ux-foundation.org>,
 Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
 Peter Zijlstra <peterz@...radead.org>, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
 Nicholas Piggin <npiggin@...il.com>, Michael Ellerman <mpe@...erman.id.au>,
 Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@...uxfoundation.org>,
 Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@...utronix.de>,
 "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@...nel.org>, Will Deacon <will@...nel.org>,
 Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@...il.com>, Alan Stern <stern@...land.harvard.edu>,
 John Stultz <jstultz@...gle.com>, Neeraj Upadhyay <Neeraj.Upadhyay@....com>,
 Frederic Weisbecker <frederic@...nel.org>,
 Josh Triplett <josh@...htriplett.org>, Uladzislau Rezki <urezki@...il.com>,
 Steven Rostedt <rostedt@...dmis.org>, Lai Jiangshan
 <jiangshanlai@...il.com>, Zqiang <qiang.zhang1211@...il.com>,
 Ingo Molnar <mingo@...hat.com>, Waiman Long <longman@...hat.com>,
 Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@....com>, Thomas Gleixner <tglx@...utronix.de>,
 Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@...e.cz>, maged.michael@...il.com,
 Mateusz Guzik <mjguzik@...il.com>,
 Jonas Oberhauser <jonas.oberhauser@...weicloud.com>, rcu@...r.kernel.org,
 linux-mm@...ck.org, lkmm@...ts.linux.dev, Gary Guo <gary@...yguo.net>,
 Nikita Popov <github@...pov.com>, llvm@...ts.linux.dev
Subject: Re: [RFC PATCH 1/4] compiler.h: Introduce ptr_eq() to preserve
 address dependency

On 2024-10-03 02:08, Joel Fernandes wrote:
> On Tue, Oct 01, 2024 at 09:02:02PM -0400, Mathieu Desnoyers wrote:
>> Compiler CSE and SSA GVN optimizations can cause the address dependency
>> of addresses returned by rcu_dereference to be lost when comparing those
>> pointers with either constants or previously loaded pointers.
>>
>> Introduce ptr_eq() to compare two addresses while preserving the address
>> dependencies for later use of the address. It should be used when
>> comparing an address returned by rcu_dereference().
>>
>> This is needed to prevent the compiler CSE and SSA GVN optimizations
>> from using @a (or @b) in places where the source refers to @b (or @a)
>> based on the fact that after the comparison, the two are known to be
>> equal, which does not preserve address dependencies and allows the
>> following misordering speculations:
>>
>> - If @b is a constant, the compiler can issue the loads which depend
>>    on @a before loading @a.
>> - If @b is a register populated by a prior load, weakly-ordered
>>    CPUs can speculate loads which depend on @a before loading @a.
>>
>> The same logic applies with @a and @b swapped.
>>
> [...]
>> +/*
>> + * Compare two addresses while preserving the address dependencies for
>> + * later use of the address. It should be used when comparing an address
>> + * returned by rcu_dereference().
>> + *
>> + * This is needed to prevent the compiler CSE and SSA GVN optimizations
>> + * from using @a (or @b) in places where the source refers to @b (or @a)
>> + * based on the fact that after the comparison, the two are known to be
>> + * equal, which does not preserve address dependencies and allows the
>> + * following misordering speculations:
>> + *
>> + * - If @b is a constant, the compiler can issue the loads which depend
>> + *   on @a before loading @a.
>> + * - If @b is a register populated by a prior load, weakly-ordered
>> + *   CPUs can speculate loads which depend on @a before loading @a.
>> + *
>> + * The same logic applies with @a and @b swapped.
>> + *
>> + * Return value: true if pointers are equal, false otherwise.
>> + *
>> + * The compiler barrier() is ineffective at fixing this issue. It does
>> + * not prevent the compiler CSE from losing the address dependency:
>> + *
>> + * int fct_2_volatile_barriers(void)
>> + * {
>> + *     int *a, *b;
>> + *
>> + *     do {
>> + *         a = READ_ONCE(p);
>> + *         asm volatile ("" : : : "memory");
>> + *         b = READ_ONCE(p);
>> + *     } while (a != b);
>> + *     asm volatile ("" : : : "memory");  <-- barrier()
>> + *     return *b;
>> + * }
>> + *
>> + * With gcc 14.2 (arm64):
>> + *
>> + * fct_2_volatile_barriers:
>> + *         adrp    x0, .LANCHOR0
>> + *         add     x0, x0, :lo12:.LANCHOR0
>> + * .L2:
>> + *         ldr     x1, [x0]  <-- x1 populated by first load.
>> + *         ldr     x2, [x0]
>> + *         cmp     x1, x2
>> + *         bne     .L2
>> + *         ldr     w0, [x1]  <-- x1 is used for access which should depend on b.
>> + *         ret
>> + *
> 
> I could reproduce this in compiler explorer, but I'm curious what flags are
> you using? For me it does a bunch of usage of the stack for temporary storage
> (still incorrectly returns *a though as you pointed).

You are probably missing "-O2".


> 
> Interestingly, if I just move the comparison into an an __always_inline__
> function like below, but without the optimizer hide stuff, gcc 14.2 on arm64
> does generate the correct code:

Make sure you compile in -O2. Based on a quick check here the hide var
is needed to make sure the compiler does the intended behavior in O2.

> 
> static inline __attribute__((__always_inline__)) int ptr_eq(const volatile void *a, const volatile void *b)
> {
>      /* No OPTIMIZER_HIDE_VAR */
>      return a == b;
> }
> 
> volatile int *p = 0;
> 
> int fct_2_volatile_barriers()
> {
>      int *a, *b;
> 
>      do {
>          a = READ_ONCE(p);
>          asm volatile ("" : : : "memory");
>          b = READ_ONCE(p);
>      } while (!ptr_eq(a, b));
>      asm volatile ("" : : : "memory");  // barrier()
>      return *b;
> }
> 
> But not sure if it fixes the speculation issue you referred to.

Not in -O2.

> 
> Putting back the OPTIMIZER_HIDE_VAR() then just seems to pass the a and b
> stored on the stack through a washing machine:
> 
>          ldr     x0, [sp, 8]
>          str     x0, [sp, 8]
>          ldr     x0, [sp]
>          str     x0, [sp]

That washing machine looks like the result of -O0.

> 
> And here I thought the "" in OPTIMIZER_HIDE_VAR was not supposed to generate
> any code but I guess it is still a NOOP.

The hide var will only emit an extra register movement to copy the
register to a temporary. That's one extra instruction but not as bad
as what you observe in -O0.

> 
> Anyway, as such this LGTM since whether OPTIMIZER_HIDE_VAR() used or not, it
> does fix the problem.

hide var is needed in O2.

> 
> Reviewed-by: Joel Fernandes (Google) <joel@...lfernandes.org>

Please double-check with -O2, and let me know if you still agree with
the patch :)

Thanks,

Mathieu


> 
> thanks,
> 
>   - Joel
> 

-- 
Mathieu Desnoyers
EfficiOS Inc.
https://www.efficios.com

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