Message-Id: <317422C3-ACE3-42A7-A287-7B8FEE12E33A@amacapital.net>
Date:   Wed, 14 Aug 2019 16:59:18 -0700
From:   Andy Lutomirski <luto@...capital.net>
To:     Alexei Starovoitov <alexei.starovoitov@...il.com>
Cc:     Andy Lutomirski <luto@...nel.org>,
        Daniel Colascione <dancol@...gle.com>,
        Song Liu <songliubraving@...com>,
        Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>,
        Networking <netdev@...r.kernel.org>, bpf <bpf@...r.kernel.org>,
        Alexei Starovoitov <ast@...nel.org>,
        Daniel Borkmann <daniel@...earbox.net>,
        Kernel Team <Kernel-team@...com>,
        Lorenz Bauer <lmb@...udflare.com>,
        Jann Horn <jannh@...gle.com>,
        Greg KH <gregkh@...uxfoundation.org>,
        Linux API <linux-api@...r.kernel.org>,
        LSM List <linux-security-module@...r.kernel.org>
Subject: Re: [PATCH v2 bpf-next 1/4] bpf: unprivileged BPF access via /dev/bpf



> On Aug 14, 2019, at 4:33 PM, Alexei Starovoitov <alexei.starovoitov@...il.com> wrote:
> 
>> On Wed, Aug 14, 2019 at 03:30:51PM -0700, Andy Lutomirski wrote:
>> 
>> 
>>>> On Aug 14, 2019, at 3:05 PM, Alexei Starovoitov <alexei.starovoitov@...il.com> wrote:
>>>> 
>>>> On Wed, Aug 14, 2019 at 10:51:23AM -0700, Andy Lutomirski wrote:
>>>> 
>>>> If eBPF is genuinely not usable by programs that are not fully trusted
>>>> by the admin, then no kernel changes at all are needed.  Programs that
>>>> want to reduce their own privileges can easily fork() a privileged
>>>> subprocess or run a little helper to which they delegate BPF
>>>> operations.  This is far more flexible than anything that will ever be
>>>> in the kernel because it allows the helper to verify that the rest of
>>>> the program is doing exactly what it's supposed to and restrict eBPF
>>>> operations to exactly the subset that is needed.  So a container
>>>> manager or network manager that drops some provilege could have a
>>>> little bpf-helper that manages its BPF XDP, firewalling, etc
>>>> configuration.  The two processes would talk over a socketpair.
>>> 
>>> there were three projects that tried to delegate bpf operations.
>>> All of them failed.
>>> bpf operational workflow is much more complex than you're imagining.
>>> fork() also doesn't work for all cases.
>>> I gave this example before: consider multiple systemd-like deamons
>>> that need to do bpf operations that want to pass this 'bpf capability'
>>> to other deamons written by other teams. Some of them will start
>>> non-root, but still need to do bpf. They will be rpm installed
>>> and live upgraded while running.
>>> We considered to make systemd such centralized bpf delegation
>>> authority too. It didn't work. bpf in kernel grows quickly.
>>> libbpf part grows independently. llvm keeps evolving.
>>> All of them are being changed while system overall has to stay
>>> operational. Centralized approach breaks apart.
>>> 
>>>> The interesting cases you're talking about really *do* involved
>>>> unprivileged or less privileged eBPF, though.  Let's see:
>>>> 
>>>> systemd --user: systemd --user *is not privileged at all*.  There's no
>>>> issue of reducing privilege, since systemd --user doesn't have any
>>>> privilege to begin with.  But systemd supports some eBPF features, and
>>>> presumably it would like to support them in the systemd --user case.
>>>> This is unprivileged eBPF.
>>> 
>>> Let's disambiguate the terminology.
>>> This /dev/bpf patch set started as describing the feature as 'unprivileged bpf'.
>>> I think that was a mistake.
>>> Let's call systemd-like deamon usage of bpf 'less privileged bpf'.
>>> This is not unprivileged.
>>> 'unprivileged bpf' is what sysctl kernel.unprivileged_bpf_disabled controls.
>>> 
>>> There is a huge difference between the two.
>>> I'm against extending 'unprivileged bpf' even a bit more than what it is
>>> today for many reasons mentioned earlier.
>>> The /dev/bpf is about 'less privileged'.
>>> Less privileged than root. We need to split part of full root capability
>>> into bpf capability. So that most of the root can be dropped.
>>> This is very similar to what cap_net_admin does.
>>> cap_net_amdin can bring down eth0 which is just as bad as crashing the box.
>>> cap_net_admin is very much privileged. Just 'less privileged' than root.
>>> Same thing for cap_bpf.
>> 
>> The new pseudo-capability in this patch set is absurdly broad. I’ve proposed some finer-grained divisions in this thread. Do you have comments on them?
> 
> Initially I agreed that it's probably too broad, but then realized
> that they're perfect as-is. There is no need to partition further.
> 
>>> May be we should do both cap_bpf and /dev/bpf to make it clear that
>>> this is the same thing. Two interfaces to achieve the same result.
>> 
>> What for?  If there’s a CAP_BPF, then why do you want /dev/bpf? Especially if you define it to do the same thing.
> 
> Indeed, ambient capabilities should work for all cases.
> 
>> No, I’m not.  I have no objection at all if you try to come up with a clear definition of what the capability checks do and what it means to grant a new permission to a task.  Changing *all* of the capable checks is needlessly broad.
> 
> There are not that many bits left. I prefer to consume single CAP_BPF bit.
> All capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN) checks in kernel/bpf/ will become CAP_BPF.
> This is no-brainer.
> 
> The only question is whether few cases of CAP_NET_ADMIN in kernel/bpf/
> should be extended to CAP_BPF or not.
> imo devmap and xskmap can stay CAP_NET_ADMIN,
> but cgroup bpf attach/detach should be either CAP_NET_ADMIN or CAP_BPF.
> Initially cgroup-bpf hooks were limited to networking.
> It's no longer the case. Requiring NET_ADMIN there make little sense now.
> 

Cgroup bpf attach/detach, with the current API, gives very strong control over the whole system, and it will just get stronger as bpf gains features. Making it CAP_BPF means that you will never have the ability to make CAP_BPF safe to give to anything other than an extremely highly trusted process.  Unsafe pointers are similar.  The rest could plausibly be hardened in the future, although the by_id stuff may be tricky too.

Do new programs really need the by_id calls?  It could make sense to leave those unchanged and to have new programs use persistent maps instead.

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